Fungal Infections of Implantation: More Than Five Years of Cases of Subcutaneous Fungal Infections Seen at the UK Mycology Reference Laboratory
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organism (Number of Cases) | Clinical Presentation |
---|---|
Subcutaneous infections: | |
Alternaria spp. (37) | Subcutaneous masses, animals (26) |
Subcutaneous nodules in humans (11) following SOT (6) | |
Coccidioides immitis (1) | Joint infection (knee) |
Curvularia sp. (1) | Soft tissue infection |
Emarellia grisea (1) | Fungal lesion, hand |
Exophiala sp. (1) | Shin nodule |
Exophiala campbellii (1) | Subcutaneous cyst |
Exophiala dermatitidis (1) | Subcutaneous swelling and skin plaques, foot |
Exophiala jeanselmii (1) | Subcutaneous mass |
Exophiala lecanii-corni (1) | Cutaneous plaques and papules, arm |
Exophiala oligosperma (1) | Subcutaneous nodules |
Exophiala xenobiotica (3) | Infected ganglion (1), hand lesion (1), fungal mass in cat (1) |
Exserohilum rostratum (1) | Nasal mass |
Falciformispora tompkinsii (1) | Phaeohyphomycosis |
Fonsecaea monomorpha (2) | Subcutaneous lesion (1), chromoblastomycosis (1) |
Fusarium oxysporum complex (1) | Joint infection (knee) |
Fusarium solani complex (1) | Eumycetoma |
Kirschsteiniothelia rostrata (1) | Fungal abscess, foot. |
Leptospora sp. (1) | Joint infection (knee) |
Madurella mycetomatis (3) | Eumycetoma (3) |
Madurella pseudomycetomatis (2) | Eumycetoma (2) incl. 1 in renal transplant patient |
Medicopsis romeroi (6) | Eumycetoma (3) |
Foot “ulcer” (1) | |
Arm lesion, post renal transplant (1) | |
Foot lesion, post renal transplant (1) | |
Microascus murinus (1) | Foot lesion |
Ochroconis tshawytschae (1) | Fungal keratitis |
Parathyridaria percutanea (2) | Skin nodules, renal transplant patient (1), skin lesions elbows and knees (1) |
Phaeoacremonium spp. (1) | Cystic lesions |
Phaeoacremonium parasiticum (1) | Foot lesion |
Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum (2) | Subcutaneous lesions in renal transplant patient (2) |
Phaeoisaria clematidis (1) | Arm abscess |
Phialemoniopsis curvata (1) | Skin nodule (foot), post renal transplant |
Plectosphaerella cucumerina (1) | Tissue post tissue expanders |
Pseudallescheria ellipsoidea (1) | Achilles abscess |
Rhytidhysteron rufulum (1) | Ankle lesion |
Sarocladium bactrocephalum (1) | Joint infection |
Scedosporium apiospermum (10) | Subcutaneous nodules/lesions (7) post renal transplant (1) |
Joint infection (3) | |
Scedosporium aurantiacum (1) | Soft tissue infection |
Scedosporium de hoogii (1) | Joint infection (1) |
Sporothrix brasiliensis (1) | Skin lesion/ulcer after cat scratch |
Traumatic keratomycosis: | |
Alternaria spp. (5) | |
Cladophialophora boppii (1) | |
Curvularia hawaiiensis (1) | |
Scedosporium apiospermum (3) | |
Scedosporium de hoogii (1) |
Organism (Case Number) | Identification Method | Site | Clinical Presentation |
---|---|---|---|
Cladophialophora boppii | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Corneal scrape | F 70y, query fungal keratitis |
Coccidioides immitis | Phenotypic ID of isolate | Joint fluid | M 86y, Joint infection (knee) |
Curvularia sp. | Phenotypic ID of isolate | Corneal scrape | M 40y, microbial keratitis |
Curvularia hawaiiensis | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Foot tissue | M 68y, open dislocation of foot, RTA accident, Cambodia |
Emarellia grisea | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Hand tissue | M 45y, Fungal lesion hand, site of previous eumycetoma |
Exophiala sp. | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Elbow tissue | M 73y, keratotic, ulcerated lesion 6 months |
Exophiala campbellii | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Subcutaneous cyst | F 68y, encapsulated palmar cyst, confirmed by PCR of tissue |
Exophiala dermatitidis | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 58y, Subcutaneous swelling, confirmed by PCR of tissue |
Exophiala jeanselmii | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Subcutaneous mass | F 45y, fluid aspirated from foot swelling |
Exophiala lecanii-corni | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Skin biopsy | M 78y, cutaneous plaques/papules, arm; fungal elements seen |
Exophiala oligosperma | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Skin biopsy | F 52y, subcutaneous nodule, shin; fungal elements seen x2, isolated twice 5 mo |
Exophiala xenobiotica (1) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue biopsy | F 11y CAT, right hind mass; fungal elements seen |
Exophiala xenobiotica (2) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Fluid, Hand | M 88y, infected ganglion |
Exophiala xenobiotica (3) | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Tissue biopsy | M 69, large mass on arm |
Exserohilum rostratum | Phenotypic ID of isolate | Nasal tissue | M 50y, right nasal fungal mass |
Falciformispora tompkinsii | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 62y, phaeohyphomycosis of leg; confirmed by PCR of tissue, serum BDG +ve |
Fonsecaea monophora (1) | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 74y, wrist lesion |
Fonsecaea monophora (2) | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Skin biopsy | M 59y, chromoblastomycosis, lesions > 20 y; histology positive |
Fusarium oxysporum * | Panfungal PCR of fluid | Knee fluid | F 25y, joint infection/ haematoma (knee); PCR positive for same organism 2 months later |
Fusarium solani * | Phenotypic ID of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 47y, eumycetoma, foreign body removal; isolated twice |
Kirschsteiniothelia rostrata | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 82y, fungal abscess, foot.; isolated 4 times over 4 months, fungal elements seen on each occasion |
Leptospora sp. | Panfungal PCR of fluid | Synovial fluid | F 56y, joint infection, swollen knee |
Madurella mycetomatis (1) | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Finger biopsy | F 28y, black grain eumycetoma; grains seen in tissue, PCR +ve on second sample |
Madurella mycetomatis (2) | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Foot tissue | M 30y, chronic eumycetoma of foot; black grains seen |
Madurella mycetomatis (3) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Foot biopsy | M 50y, eumycetoma of foot, previous penetrating injury, Sudan |
M. pseudomycetomatis (1) | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Foot tissue | F 67y, eumycetoma of foot 18 months, previous renal transplant |
M. pseudomycetomatis (2) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Foot tissue | U 27y, eumycetoma surgically resected |
Medicopsis romeroi (1) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Bone, foot | F 69y, eumycetoma previous diagnosis, treatment failure |
Medicopsis romeroi (2) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Foot Tissue | M 60y, dark grain eumycetoma; isolated twice over 3 months |
Medicopsis romeroi (3) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Skin biopsy | M 68y, immunocompromised with foot “ulcer” |
Medicopsis romeroi (4) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Arm tissue | M 35y, arm lesion, post renal transplant |
Medicopsis romeroi (5) | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Toe tissue | M 59y, soft tissue infection, post renal transplant |
Medicopsis romeroi (6) | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Tissue/fluid | F 62y, no additional details given |
Microascus murinus | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Biopsy, sole of foot. | M 58y, foot lesion; isolated twice |
Ochroconis tshawytschae | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Eye | M 57y, Corneal infection |
Parathyridaria percutanea (1) | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Tissue biopsy | F 31y, skin nodules, renal transplant patient; pigmented fungal elements seen on histology |
Parathyridaria percutanea (2) | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Tissue, leg | F 50y, nodules knees and feet for 4 months; ex-Somalia, BDG +ve, |
Previous liver transplant, confirmed by isolation of organism | |||
Phaeoacremonium spp. | Phenotypic ID of isolate | Fluid, Toe and knee | M 63y, cystic lesions on toes, knee infection; isolated x5 over 6 month period |
Ph. parasiticum | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue foot | M 52y, mass forefoot > 2 yrs |
Ph. rubrigenum (1) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Aspirate, finger | F 71y, lesion index finger, renal transplant; isolated twice over 6 month period |
Ph. rubrigenum (2) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 57y, thigh lesion, renal transplant; isolated x3 over 5 months |
Phaeoisaria clematidis | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 46y, Abscess in arm; Nigerian |
Phialemoniopsis curvata | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue, foot | M 68y, nodule on foot, post renal transplant; confirmed by PCR of tissue, histology positive, Travel to Nigeria |
Plectosphaerella cucumerina | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 32y, unwell post tissue expanders |
Pseudallescheria ellipsoidea | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 41y, chronic Achilles abscess |
Rhytidhysteron rufulum | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Tissue biopsy | M 33y, lump right ankle, suspect mycetoma; isolate also recovered |
Sarocladium bactrocephalum | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 54y, joint infection |
Sced. apiospermum (1) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Fluid, finger | F 89y, index finger flexor sheath abscess |
Sced. apiospermum (2) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Fluid, joint | F 74y, septic arthritis |
Sced. apiospermum (3) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Fluid, knee | F 75y, intrapatellar bursitis |
Sced. apiospermum (4) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue biopsy | F 68y, cellulitis forearm, post renal transplant |
Sced. apiospermum (5) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue swab | M 70y, enlarging sore after gardening wound |
Sced. apiospermum (6) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue, forearm | M 68y, multiple abscesses forearm, glioblastoma |
Sced. apiospermum (7) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue, leg | M 83y, cellulitis right leg |
Sced. apiospermum (8) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue, hand | M 76y, Right hand wound, AML; isolated twice over 3 weeks |
Sced. apiospermum (9) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue, thigh | F 71y, thigh lesion |
Sced. apiospermum (10) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue, wrist | F 60y, dorsal wrist mass and synovitis > 2 yrs |
Sced. apiospermum (11) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Corneal scrape | F 40y, fungal keratitis |
Sced. apiospermum (12) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Corneal scrape | F 65y, superficial fungal keratitis |
Sced. apiospermum (13) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Eye | M 63y, no additional clinical details provided |
Scedosporium aurantiacum | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue, ankle | F 63y, fungal mass, wound rotten wood; isolated twice over 7 d |
Scedosporium de hoogii (1) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Aspirate, wrist | M 81y, infected wrist joint, “low immunity” |
Scedosporium de hoogii (2) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Corneal scrape | F 67y, fungal keratitis with corneal ulcer |
Sporothrix brasiliensis | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Pus | M 28y, skin lesions/ulcers after cat scratch; Brazilian cat imported into UK, histology positive |
Organism | MIC (mg/L) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMB | VRC | ITC | PSC | AND | NAT | OTHER | |
Cladophialophora boppii | 1 | 0.5 | nd | nd | nd | 4 | - |
Curvularia sp. | 0.25 | 1 | 0.25 | nd | nd | 1 | - |
Curvularia hawaiiensis | 0.125 | 0.5 | nd | 0.06 | nd | nd | - |
Emarellia grisea | 0.5 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.25 | nd | nd | - |
Exophiala campbellii | 0.5 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.125 | <0.015 | nd | - |
Exophiala jeanselmei | 1 | 0.25 | 0.25 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Exophiala lecanii-corni | 1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.25 | nd | nd | ISC = 2 |
Exophiala oligosperma | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.06 | 0.06 | nd | nd | |
Exophiala xenobiotica (1) | 0.5 | 4 | 0.25 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Exophiala xenobiotica (2) | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Exserohilum rostratum | 0.25 | 1 | 0.5 | nd | 0.06 | nd | - |
Fonsecaea monomorpha | 0.5 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.06 | nd | nd | ISC = 0.06 |
Fusarium solani | 4 | 4 | >16 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Kirschsteiniothelia rostrata | 1 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.06 | <0.015 | nd | ISC = 0.25 |
Madurella mycetomatis | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.125 | nd | 4 | nd | - |
Madurella pseudomycetomatis | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 4 | nd | - |
Medicopsis romeroi (1) | 1 | 0.25 | 1 | nd | 0.5 | nd | |
Medicopsis romeroi (2) | 0.5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | nd | TRB = 0.125 |
Medicopsis romeroi (3) | 0.5 | 0.125 | 0.06 | 0.06 | nd | nd | ISC = 0.25 |
Medicopsis romeroi (4) | nd | 1 | >16 | 0.25 | nd | nd | TRB = 0.06 |
Microascus murinus | 0.5 | 8 | 0.5 | nd | 0.5 | nd | - |
Parathyridaria percutanea | 0.25 | 2 | >16 | nd | 2 | nd | - |
Phaeoacremonium spp. | 0.5 | 0.125 | 4 | nd | 8 | nd | - |
Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum (1) | 0.5 | 0.125 | 1 | nd | nd | 2 | - |
Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum (2) | 1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.25 | nd | nd | ISC = 1 |
Phaeoacremonium parasiticum | 1 | 0.5 | >16 | 0.5 | 8 | nd | ISC = 0.5 |
Phaeoisaria clematidis | 0.5 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.125 | nd | TRB = 0.125 |
Phialemoniopsis curvata | nd | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | nd | nd | - |
Plectosphaerella cucumerina | 0.5 | 2 | 0.5 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Pseudallescheria ellipsoidea | nd | nd | 0.5 | nd | nd | nd | NYT = 4 |
Rhytidhysteron rufulum | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.06 | <0.03 | nd | nd | - |
Sarocladium bactrocephalum | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.25 | nd | 4 | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (1) | 1 | 0.5 | 4 | nd | 2 | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (2) | 4 | 0.5 | 1 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (3) | 4 | 0.25 | 0.25 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (4) | 2 | 0.5 | 1 | nd | nd | nd | TRB = >16 |
Scedosporium apiospermum (5) | 4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (6) | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (7) | 0.5 | 0.125 | 0.5 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (8) | 2 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.5 | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (9) | 4 | 0.125 | 0.25 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (10) | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (11) | 2 | 0.5 | nd | nd | nd | 2 | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (12) | 4 | 0.5 | 4 | nd | nd | 4 | ECZ = 2 |
Scedosporium apiospermum (13) | 2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | nd | nd | 2 | ECZ = 0.5 |
Scedosporium aurantiacum | 16 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.5 | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium de hoogii (1) | 8 | 0.25 | 1 | 1 | 8 | nd | - |
Scedosporium de hoogii (2) | 2 | 0.25 | 0.5 | nd | nd | 2 | - |
Sporothrix brasiliensis | 0.5 | 16 | 0.5 | 0.5 | nd | nd | ISC = 4 |
Case (Year) | ID | Site | Clinical Presentation |
---|---|---|---|
Isolates recovered from clinical material and susceptibility testing was requested/performed: | |||
1 (2016) | PT | Tissue, knee | M 66y, right knee lesion following renal transplant |
2 (2017) | rD | Tissue, thigh | M 57y, lesion right thigh following hand transplant |
3 (2017) | MT | Tissue | M 66y, subcutaneous phaeohyphomycotic cyst |
4 (2020) | MT | Tissue, thigh | M 69y, purple nodule on right thigh |
5 (2019) | MT | Tissue, knee | F 36y, left knee ulcer following renal transplant |
6 (2018) | PT | Corneal scrape | F 23y, fungal keratitis |
7 (2020) | PT | Corneal scrape | M 52y, fungal keratitis |
8 (2018) | PT | Corneal scrape | F 66y, fungal keratitis |
9 (2020) | MT | Tissue, nose | F, CAT, dermatitis on nose, fungal elements seen |
10 (2017) | PT | Tissue, ear | F, CAT, fungal granuloma excised from ear pinna, fungal elements seen |
11 (2020) | PT | Tissue | M, CAT, recurrent pyogranulomatous dermatitis with abundant fungal elements |
Confirmed by PCR on tissue | |||
12 (2020) | PT | Skin biopsy | F, DOG, multiple skin nodules |
Isolates recovered from clinical material but susceptibility testing was not requested: | |||
13 (2021) | rD | Tissue | F 67y, no clinical details provided |
14 (2019) | PT | Corneal scrape | M 59y, corneal graft following chemical injury |
15 (2021) | MT | Corneal scrape | M 59y, keratitis following corneal abrasion |
16 (2019) | PT | Tissue biopsy | U, CAT, Fungal mycetoma |
17 (2017) | PT | Tissue biopsy | M, CAT, cutaneous fungal granuloma on nose |
18 (2021) | PT | Tissue biopsy | M 4y, CAT, swollen nose, fungal elements seen |
19 (2021) | PT | Tissue biopsy | F 6y, CAT. Ulcerated nodule nose, fungal elements seen |
20 (2016) | PT | Tissue biopsy | M CAT, nasal mass, fungal elements seen |
21 (2017) | PT | Tissue, nose | M, CAT, fungal granuloma on nose, fungal elements seen |
Independent isolation from second biopsy | |||
22 (2018) | PT | Tissue, nose | M, CAT, nasal mass, fungal elements seen |
23 (2020) | PT | Tissue, nose | U, CAT, fungal granuloma on nose |
24 (2017) | PT/rD | Tissue, leg | F, DOG, immunosuppressed, multifocal abscesses on legs and paws, |
Phaeohyphomycosis on histology. Confirmed by direct PCR on tissue, two furtherindependent isolations, direct microscopy positive on all samples | |||
25 (2017) | rD | Tissue, nose | M, CAT, fungal mass bridge of nose, fungal elements seen on histology and direct |
examination of tissue | |||
26 (2019) | PT | Tissue, foot | M, CAT, metatarsal and digital lesions, fungal elements seen on direct examination |
27 (2017) | PT | Tissue | M, CAT, fungal mass, mycotic granuloma on histology, fungal elements seen on |
direct examination | |||
Diagnosis made solely by panfungal PCR of tissue (no isolate was recovered for further analyses): | |||
28 (2020) | PCR | Tissue, thigh | M 59y, thigh lesion following renal transplant |
29 (2019) | PCR | Skin Biopsy | U, 57y, no clinical details provided |
30 (2016) | PCR | Tissue, leg | M 39y, leg lesion following renal transplant |
31 (2018) | PCR | Tissue Biopsy | F 61y, granulomatous fungal folliculitis post-transplant |
32 (2017) | PCR | Skin biopsy | M 64y, Crohns, purple ulcerated papules following rose thorn injury |
33 (2016) | PCR | Tissue | M, CAT, no clinical details provided |
34 (2017) | PCR | Tissue, nose | M, CAT, no clinical details provided |
35 (2018) | PCR | Tissue, foot | M, CAT, solitary cutaneous mass on paw, histology-confirmed fungal granuloma |
36 (2020) | PCR | Tissue, nose | M, CAT, nasal mass >2yrs, recurred post-antifungal treatment (itraconazole) |
37 (2020) | PCR | Punch biopsy | M, CAT, no clinical details provided. Repeat PCR positive on separate sample |
38 (2020) | PCR | Biopsy, ear | M, DOG, mass left pinna |
39 (2020) | PCR | Biopsy | M 5y, CAT. no clinical details provided |
40 (2020) | PCR | Biopsy, nose | M 11y, CAT, cutaneous fungal granuloma on muzzle |
41 (2021) | PCR | Biopsy, nose | M 11y, DOG, nose mass, mycotic granuloma associated with foreign material |
42 (2021) | PCR | Biopsy, nose | M 9y, CAT, nasal mass |
Isolate Number | MIC (mg/L) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMB | ITC | VRC | PSC | ISC | AND | TRB | NAT | |
1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 4 | 0.06 | 4 | <0.015 | 0.25 | 2 |
2 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 8 | 0.06 | 16 | <0.015 | 4 | nd |
3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | <0.03 | 0.25 | nd | nd | 4 | nd |
4 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 2 | 0.125 | nd | 0.125 | nd | nd |
5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 16 | 0.5 | 16 | nd | 0.5 | nd |
6 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 2 |
7 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.25 | nd | nd | nd | 2 |
8 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 0.25 | nd | nd | nd | 2 |
9 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 8 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
10 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 8 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
11 | nd | 0.25 | 4 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
12 | nd | 0.5 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.125 | nd |
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Borman, A.M.; Fraser, M.; Patterson, Z.; Linton, C.J.; Palmer, M.; Johnson, E.M. Fungal Infections of Implantation: More Than Five Years of Cases of Subcutaneous Fungal Infections Seen at the UK Mycology Reference Laboratory. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040343
Borman AM, Fraser M, Patterson Z, Linton CJ, Palmer M, Johnson EM. Fungal Infections of Implantation: More Than Five Years of Cases of Subcutaneous Fungal Infections Seen at the UK Mycology Reference Laboratory. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(4):343. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040343
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorman, Andrew M., Mark Fraser, Zoe Patterson, Christopher J. Linton, Michael Palmer, and Elizabeth M. Johnson. 2022. "Fungal Infections of Implantation: More Than Five Years of Cases of Subcutaneous Fungal Infections Seen at the UK Mycology Reference Laboratory" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 4: 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040343
APA StyleBorman, A. M., Fraser, M., Patterson, Z., Linton, C. J., Palmer, M., & Johnson, E. M. (2022). Fungal Infections of Implantation: More Than Five Years of Cases of Subcutaneous Fungal Infections Seen at the UK Mycology Reference Laboratory. Journal of Fungi, 8(4), 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040343