Diversity, Phylogeny and Antagonistic Activity of Fungal Endophytes Associated with Endemic Species of Cycas (Cycadales) in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Site Descriptions and Sample Collection
2.2. Coralloid Root Processing and Fungal Endophyte Isolation
2.3. Morphocultural Characterization and Morphotype Groupings of Fungal Endophytes
2.4. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification and ITS Gene Sequencing
2.5. Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Fungal Endophytes
2.6. Statistical and Diversity Analysis
2.7. In Vitro Co-Cultivation Assay between Fungal Endophytes and the Test Pathogens
3. Results
3.1. Fungal Isolates Characterization and Taxonomic Assignment
3.2. Phylogenetic Analysis of Fungal Endophytes Associated to Cycas debaoensis and Cycas fairylakea
3.3. Diversity and Community Analysis of Fungal Endophytes
3.4. Screening of Antagonistic Potential Using Co-Cultivation Assay
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Host | Population Sites | Locality | GPS/Altitude | Habitat Description | Collection Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cycas debaoensis | botanical garden | 1 NCGCC, FLBG, Shenzhen, Guangdong | 22°34′36.1″ N 114°10′51.1″ E 60 ± 30 m.a.s.l. | Living collections of cycads in a controlled and managed environment; individuals used for the study were planted in 2004. | 26 January 2020 |
natural habitat | Debao County, Baise, Guangxi | 23°29′29.2″ N 106°12′50.8″ E 905 ± 24 m.a.s.l. | Dispersed in open landscapes and on limestone hills with shrubs and trees; some cycad plants growing on cracks or in thin soil near the edges of limestone. | 22 October 2020 | |
reintroduction site | 1 Huanglian mountain nature reserve, Debao County, Baise, Guangxi | 23°33′47.1″ N 106°14′09.8″ E 885 ± 8 m.a.s.l. | Scattered on open slopes with grasses and sparsely covered by shrubs and small trees; local population was reintroduced in 2008. | 22 October 2020 | |
Cycas fairylakea | Botanical garden | 1 NCGCC, FLBG, Shenzhen, Guangdong | 22°34′36.4″ N 114°10′50.6″ E 55 ± 20 m.a.s.l. | Living collections of cycads in controlled and managed environment; individuals used for the study were planted in 2017. | 26 January 2020 |
natural habitat | Meilin Reservoir Park, Shenzhen, Guangdong | 22°34′38.5″ N 114°00′34.2″ E 114 ± 23 m.a.s.l. | Growing on slopes of ridges and cliffs along river valleys and understory of moist closed subtropical forests at low elevations. | 21 January 2020 |
1 Sample Source | 2 Records of Fungal Endophytes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | G | S | S/G Ratio | H’ | FA | CR (%) | IF (%) | |
Cdeb, Nh | 37 | 12 | 14 | 1.2 a | 2.2 a | 8.2 a | 17 | 13 |
Cfai, Nh | 52 | 16 | 18 | 1.1 a | 2.2 a | 9.8 b | 24 | 18 |
Cdeb, Bg | 77 | 15 | 23 | 1.5 b | 2.7 b,c | 11.1 c | 36 | 27 |
Cfai, Bg | 74 | 15 | 21 | 1.4 a,b | 2.5 c | 9.8 b | 34 | 26 |
Cdeb, Re | 44 | 13 | 15 | 1.2 a | 2.2 a | 8.0 a | 20 | 15 |
Cdeb (Pooled) | 158 | 29 | 41 | 1.4 a | 3.0 a | 17.8 a | 24 | 56 |
Cfai (Pooled) | 126 | 21 | 32 | 1.5 a | 2.7 b | 13.8 b | 29 | 44 |
Species Name and Isolate Code | Clade | Diaporthe sp. Strain CdP01 | Colletotrichum sp. Strain CdP02 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percent Inhibition (I%) ± SD | Type of Interaction | Percent Inhibition (I%) ± SD | Type of Interaction | ||
Castanediella sp. GD016 | G | 58.7 ± 1.89 | C | 63.3 ± 1.57 | C |
Clonostachys rogersoniana BD005 | E | 52 ± 1.63 | B | 62.2 ± 1.50 | C |
Clonostachys rogersoniana BF024 | E | 66.7 ± 1.89 | F | 82.1 ± 1.50 | F |
Clonostachys rosea BF011 | E | 64.3 ± 2.05 | F | 80 ± 1.63 | F |
Curvularia sp. BF002 | M | 50 ± 1.63 | B | 56.7 ± 2.72 | B |
Curvularia sp. GD014 | M | 51.6 ± 0.47 | B | 53.9 ± 2.1 | B |
Gliocladiopsis sp. GD004 | C | 56 ± 3.27 | B | 68.3 ± 1.36 | E |
Hypoxylon sp. GD019 | G | 87.33 ± 0.94 | C | 70.3 ± 1.89 | C |
Ilyonectria sp. GD020 | C | 60 ± 3.77 | B | 61.7 ± 1.70 | B |
Microsphaeropsis arundinis BF008 | N | 42.7 ± 3.77 | B | 51.1 ± 2.83 | B |
Penicillifer sp. GD008 | C | 69.3 ± 3.30 | F | 81.1 ± 3.14 | F |
Penicillium sp. BD022 | J | 64 ± 2.83 | C | 81.5 ± 2.51 | C |
Periconia sp. GD026 | O | 62 ± 2.83 | C | 69.3 ± 1.89 | C |
Phoma sp. GD023 | M | 61. 3 ± 4.99 | B | 65.6 ± 4.16 | B |
Pseudopithomyces maydicus GD018 | N | 58.7 ± 1.89 | B | 65.6 ± 1.57 | B |
Alternaria/Setophoma sp. GD005 | M | 61.3 ± 1.89 | C | 75.6 ± 1.57 | C |
Alternaria/Setophoma sp. BD019 | M | 62. 3 ± 0.94 | C | 71.1 ± 2.83 | C |
Verticillium sp. MF026 | A | 53.3 ± 1.89 | C | 65.56 ± 1.57 | C |
Verticillium sp. GD030 | A | 49.3 ± 1.89 | E | 58 ± 2.79 | E |
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Pecundo, M.H.; dela Cruz, T.E.E.; Chen, T.; Notarte, K.I.; Ren, H.; Li, N. Diversity, Phylogeny and Antagonistic Activity of Fungal Endophytes Associated with Endemic Species of Cycas (Cycadales) in China. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 572. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070572
Pecundo MH, dela Cruz TEE, Chen T, Notarte KI, Ren H, Li N. Diversity, Phylogeny and Antagonistic Activity of Fungal Endophytes Associated with Endemic Species of Cycas (Cycadales) in China. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(7):572. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070572
Chicago/Turabian StylePecundo, Melissa H., Thomas Edison E. dela Cruz, Tao Chen, Kin Israel Notarte, Hai Ren, and Nan Li. 2021. "Diversity, Phylogeny and Antagonistic Activity of Fungal Endophytes Associated with Endemic Species of Cycas (Cycadales) in China" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7: 572. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070572