An Update on the Roles of Non-albicans Candida Species in Vulvovaginitis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Classification of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
3. Transmission
4. Etiology of Non-albicans Candida Vaginitis
5. Clinical Presentation
6. Epidemiology of Non-albicans Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
7. Pathogenesis
8. Risk Factors
9. Laboratory Identification
10. Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species
11. Treatment of Non-albicans Candida Vulvovaginal Vaginitis
Supportive Care: Effect of Probiotics
12. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Ethical Statement
Abbreviations
VVC | Vulvovaginal candidiasis |
RVVC | Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis |
NAC | Non-albicans Candida |
KOH | Potassium hydroxide |
PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
DM | Diabetes mellitus |
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Author (Reference) | Year | Country | Prevalence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis | Proportion of C. albicans (%) | Proportion of Non Albicans Candida Species (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. glabrata | C. tropicalis | C. krusei | C. parapsilosis | Others | |||||
Bitew and Abebaw [58] | 2018 | Ethiopia | 41.4 | 58.6 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 17.2 | 2.3 | 13.9 |
Jimoh et al. [59] | 2016 | Nigeria | 40.8 | 48.5 | 9.2 | 11.1 | - | 31.3 | - |
Alfouzan et al. [60] | 2015 | Kuwait | 13.2 | 73.9 | 19.8 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 1.9 |
Shi et al. [61] | 2015 | China | 61 | 91.4 | 4.3 | 3.2 | - | 1.1 | - |
Kumari et al. [23] | 2013 | India | 30.8 | 32.4 | 22.5 | - | - | 45.1 | - |
Mahmoudi Rad et al. [62] | 2011 | Iran | - | 67 | 18.3 | 6.8 | 5.8 | 1.6 | 0.5 |
Ahmad et al. [63] | 2009 | India | 20.5 | 46.9 | 36.7 | 2.8 | 1.4 | - | 1.9 |
Ozcan et al. [64] | 2006 | Turkey | 35 | 75 | 14 | 7 | 3.5 | - | - |
Pirotta et al. [65] | 2006 | Australia | 21 | 73 | 20 | - | - | 5 | - |
De vos et al. [27] | 2005 | Belgium | 77.9 | 78 | 2.6 | - | - | - | 18.6 |
Corsello et al. [66] | 2003 | Italy | 43.5 | 77.1 | 14.6 | - | 4 | - | - |
Ribeiro et al. [67] | 2001 | Brazil | 60 | 90 | 4 | 4 | 2 | - | - |
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Makanjuola, O.; Bongomin, F.; Fayemiwo, S.A. An Update on the Roles of Non-albicans Candida Species in Vulvovaginitis. J. Fungi 2018, 4, 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4040121
Makanjuola O, Bongomin F, Fayemiwo SA. An Update on the Roles of Non-albicans Candida Species in Vulvovaginitis. Journal of Fungi. 2018; 4(4):121. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4040121
Chicago/Turabian StyleMakanjuola, Olufunmilola, Felix Bongomin, and Samuel A. Fayemiwo. 2018. "An Update on the Roles of Non-albicans Candida Species in Vulvovaginitis" Journal of Fungi 4, no. 4: 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4040121