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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Promoting Growth Performances and Phytochemicals of Black Upland Rice Through the Co-Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Endophytic Fungi Under Drought Conditions

by
Saralee Suphaphan
1,
Thanawan Gateta
1,
Wasan Seemakram
2,
Thanapat Suebrasri
3,
Saranya Chantawong
4,
Chaiya Klinsukon
5,
Piyada Theerakulpisut
6 and
Sophon Boonlue
1,*
1
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
2
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
3
Division of Basic and Preclinical Science, Institute of Science and General Education, Nakhon Ratchasima College, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
4
School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
5
Department of Innovative Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
6
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010002
Submission received: 6 November 2025 / Revised: 16 December 2025 / Accepted: 18 December 2025 / Published: 19 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Drought is a major problem affecting upland rice growth worldwide, including in northeast Thailand, with insufficient irrigation, where drought stress leads to reduced yields and may affect the functional compound content of rice grains. This research aimed to study the efficacy of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Rhizophagus variabilis KS-02 and endophytic fungi (EPF) Trichoderma zelobreve PBMP16 on promoting the growth and accumulation of functional substances in upland black rice under drought conditions. Factorial experiments in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) were conducted by cultivating rice inoculated with AMF and EPF as well as co-inoculated with AMF+EPF under three watering conditions: 100% field capacity (FC), 66% FC, and 33% FC. The results show that both AMF, EPF improved some plant growth parameters and physiological performance under both well-watered and water-limited conditions. Inoculating plants with fungi increased the production of enzymes APX, CAT, and GR, as well as proline, which helps plants tolerate water deficit stress. Functional grain quality, including phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity, was also increased by fungal inoculation. While co-inoculation provided advantages for certain parameters, particularly antioxidant activity and biomass, single inoculation with AMF or EPF was equally effective or superior for specific traits depending on the level of water stress. Overall, this report shows that both AMF and EPF contribute to improving the productivity and functional quality of upland black rice under drought conditions, with treatment effects varying according to fungal type and water availability.
Keywords: Anthocyanin; Antioxidant; black rice; drought stress; Maled Phai rice; organic agriculture Anthocyanin; Antioxidant; black rice; drought stress; Maled Phai rice; organic agriculture

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MDPI and ACS Style

Suphaphan, S.; Gateta, T.; Seemakram, W.; Suebrasri, T.; Chantawong, S.; Klinsukon, C.; Theerakulpisut, P.; Boonlue, S. Promoting Growth Performances and Phytochemicals of Black Upland Rice Through the Co-Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Endophytic Fungi Under Drought Conditions. J. Fungi 2026, 12, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010002

AMA Style

Suphaphan S, Gateta T, Seemakram W, Suebrasri T, Chantawong S, Klinsukon C, Theerakulpisut P, Boonlue S. Promoting Growth Performances and Phytochemicals of Black Upland Rice Through the Co-Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Endophytic Fungi Under Drought Conditions. Journal of Fungi. 2026; 12(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010002

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suphaphan, Saralee, Thanawan Gateta, Wasan Seemakram, Thanapat Suebrasri, Saranya Chantawong, Chaiya Klinsukon, Piyada Theerakulpisut, and Sophon Boonlue. 2026. "Promoting Growth Performances and Phytochemicals of Black Upland Rice Through the Co-Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Endophytic Fungi Under Drought Conditions" Journal of Fungi 12, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010002

APA Style

Suphaphan, S., Gateta, T., Seemakram, W., Suebrasri, T., Chantawong, S., Klinsukon, C., Theerakulpisut, P., & Boonlue, S. (2026). Promoting Growth Performances and Phytochemicals of Black Upland Rice Through the Co-Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Endophytic Fungi Under Drought Conditions. Journal of Fungi, 12(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010002

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