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Article

Molecular Identification of Fusarium Isolates from Bozcaada Çavuş and Karalahna Grapes in Türkiye

by
Gülçin Özcan Ateş
Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Health Services Vocational School, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17020, Türkiye
J. Fungi 2025, 11(5), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050373
Submission received: 31 March 2025 / Revised: 9 May 2025 / Accepted: 12 May 2025 / Published: 14 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphology, Phylogeny and Pathogenicity of Fusarium)
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Abstract

:
Contamination of agricultural products by Fusarium species is a significant concern and is commonly found in various agricultural products. They cause severe economic losses in the products, and contaminate and threaten human and animal health due to the toxins they produce. Therefore, determining species diversity in various agricultural products is crucial. Bozcaada is well suited for cultivating the highest quality Çavuş grape due to its unique location and climate. Therefore, in this study, the sequencing of the tef1 and tub2 genes in Fusarium isolates from table Çavuş and wine grapes Karalahna, which are specific to Bozcaada, was performed, and their phylogenetic relationships were examined. As a result, it was determined that 11 of the 17 isolates were Fusarium annulatum from the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC), 2 were Fusarium nirenbergiae from the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC), 2 were Fusarium fabacearum from the FOSC, and the last 2 isolates were Fusarium makinsoniae and Fusarium clavus (as ‘clavum’) from the F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC). The F. makinsoniae and F. fabacearum species obtained in the study are the first recorded for Türkiye. This research highlights the variety of Fusarium species identified in Bozcaada vineyards in Türkiye.

1. Introduction

Bozcaada is located at the exit of the Çanakkale Strait and in the northeast of the Aegean Sea, formed by the breaking and collapse of the earth’s crust approximately 2–2.5 million years ago at the end of the III Geological Period. Bozcaada has an area of approximately 36 km2 and is the third largest island in Türkiye. Under the influence of the Mediterranean and continental climates, the island is dominated by maquis vegetation and has the typical flora of Western Anatolia. Due to its unique location and climate, it has been identified with viticulture and winemaking throughout history. The island’s low and flat topographic structure and the climate conditions, with northerly and southerly winds due to its location right at the exit of a strait, result in unique aromas for the grape varieties grown here [1,2]. Therefore, the island’s most significant source of income is viticulture, and table Çavuş grapes and the wine grape varieties Karalahna, Kuntra, and Vasilaki are grown [3,4]. Due to the island’s climate and soil structure, the world’s most delicious and high-quality table Çavuş grape is grown on the island, and it has a thin skin and a unique aroma. Due to these proven superior features of Bozcaada Çavuş Grape, it received a Geographical Indication Registration Certificate in 2020. The name “Bozcaada Çavuşu Grape” has become an essential part of the region’s viticultural heritage [4,5]. The wine Karalahna grape, which is specific to Bozcaada, is a dark purple, thick-skinned, round, and large-grained variety, with a colorless and fleshy interior. The Karalahna grape, which attracts attention with its dark ruby color and balanced acidity, has been used for many years as a source in the color improvement of light-colored wines to enhance their color. Today, it is primarily used to improve wine quality. Again, although the unique ecological characteristics of the island contribute to the Karalahna grape variety acquiring distinct characteristics, unlike the Çavuş grape, there is limited information in the literature about the characteristics of the Karalahna grape variety [6,7].
High water and sugar contents, combined with low pH values, create a suitable environment for mold to develop in fruits. For this reason, mold-related spoilage is observed in fruits. Some molds are phytopathogenic, affecting the leaves, shoots, stems, and fruits of plants, and can cause the spoilage of the product before it is harvested. Others can cause spoilage both before and after harvest. Fungal diseases, observed both before and after harvest, primarily affect the quality of the fruit and, consequently, the quality of the product, resulting in severe economic losses. Grapes are a seasonal fruit with a short storage life. Fungal spoilage in grapes reduces both the yield and quality of the grapes. Fungal spoilage in grapes is seen especially during the storage period. Botrytis, Rhizopus, and Mucor mold species damage fruits and cause soft rot. Toxigenic or pathogenic species, such as Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp., that develop during storage cause a decrease in grape quality and pose a health risk to consumers. While the presence of pathogenic molds can cause allergies in susceptible individuals, mycotoxins formed by toxigenic species pose serious health risks [8,9,10].
Fusarium species are ubiquitous, hyaline filamentous molds with a cosmopolitan distribution. They belong to the Nectriaceae family within the Hypocreales order of the Ascomycota fungal phylum. Most Fusarium species are soil-borne and can be found in the air, water, plants, insects, soil, and organic substrates. They exhibit endophytic, saprophytic, hemi-biotrophic, or parasitic forms and possess strong competitive abilities. Based on host relationships, morphology, and molecular characterizations, the genus Fusarium is estimated to include more than 400 recognized species, grouped into 23 species complexes. They are among the most destructive plant pathogens and mycotoxigenic microfungi, causing significant reductions in crop yields across various agricultural crops, resulting in multi-billion-dollar losses. Key plant diseases attributed to them include head blight in cereals, root rot in peas, ear rot in corn, sudden death syndrome in soybeans, and vascular wilt in various crops. The two most important species affecting plants are Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium oxysporum, which rank among the top five phytopathogens [9,11,12,13].
The risk of the fungal contamination of grapes with mycotoxin-producing Aspergillus, Alternaria, and Penicillium species is a well-known fact. Regarding microfungi and metabolites that may affect human health in grapes and their products, studies in the literature have focused particularly on Aspergillus spp. contamination and ochratoxin A (OTA) production [2,14,15,16,17,18,19]. Aspergillus section Nigri contamination plays a significant role in the production of mycotoxins, such as OTA, in grapes, posing a serious phytopathological problem, particularly for operators in the wine sector [20]. However, Logrieco et al. [21] reported that Aspergillus section Nigri isolates isolated from grapes produced fumonisin B2. Determining the mycoflora that produces mycotoxins in grapes and their products, and assessing the related risks, is critical for identifying potential contamination and maintaining high-quality standards in grape and wine production (Mašková et al., 2014 [22]). According to the European Community Regulation (2023), there is a limit of 8 μg/kg for OTA in “dried vine fruits (currants, raisins and sultanas)” and 2 μg/kg for OTA in grape juice, grape juice from concentrate, concentrated “grape juice, grape nectar, grape must and concentrated grape must, placed on the market for the final consumer” [23]. However, there is a lack of information and regulations about possible mycotoxins of other toxigenic molds found in grapes. Considering the changing climatic conditions, there may be changes in the mold species contaminating grapes and the secondary metabolites they produce. There is very limited information in the literature about the presence of toxigenic Fusarium species in grapes and the mycotoxin production of the species found [10,11,24]. In the literature, studies have focused on diseases caused by phytopathogenic Fusarium species, particularly in grapevine plants [25,26,27]. The mycobiota of grapes is very important to determine, as it serves as an indicator of mycotoxins in grapes and their products. Therefore, Fusarium species isolates from Çavuş and Karalahna grapes grown in Bozcaada, Türkiye’s third-largest island, were studied.

2. Materials and Methods

Fusarium isolates were obtained from grape berries grown in vineyards in two different locations (Çayır and Sulubahçe) on Bozcaada during field studies conducted in 2015 and 2016 [19]. Microfungus isolations from grape samples were performed as described by Özcan Ateş and Zorba [19]. After isolation, the isolates were initially cultivated on slant Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) (213400, BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and grown at 25 °C for 14 days. Subsequently, 5 mL of a 0.2% agar (214010, BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) +0.05% Tween 80 (822187, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) spore solution was added and stored at +4 °C. For the study, these stock cultures were cultivated on PDA medium and incubated at 25 °C for 7 days [2,19]. The revived and pure isolates were then cultured on PDA medium and incubated at room temperature for 14 days under a daylight cycle. After incubation, they were examined using the wet preparation method in Petri dishes [28,29,30,31].
The isolates’ colony morphologies were determined after 7 days of incubation at 25 °C on PDA and Spezieller Nährstoffarmer Agar (SNA).
A ‘Dneasy Ultraclean Microbial Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany)’ for fast and easy DNA isolation via spin filter extraction was used for DNA isolation from isolates grown in Malt Extract Agar (MEA) (CM0059, Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) medium at 25 °C for 7 days. DNA isolation was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The purity of the DNA samples was verified on an agarose gel. The PCR process utilized Translational Elongation Factor 1-alpha (tef1) and Βeta-Tubulin (tub2) primers (Table 1). For the PCR reaction, the mixture included 7.5 μL of PCR Mix, 0.2 μL of HotStart Taq Polymerase (5 U/μL), 2 μL of PCR Optimizer (Betaine 5 M), 1 μL of Forward Primer (5 pmol), 1 μL of Reverse Primer (5 pmol), 2 μL of PCR-Grade Water, and 1.5 μL of template DNA. The amplification reaction was conducted under the following conditions: 1 cycle of 95 °C for 10 min, followed by 35 cycles of 30 s at 95 °C, 45 s at 59 °C, and 40 s at 72 °C. After the PCR process, 5 μL of the PCR product was loaded onto a 2% agarose gel to visualize the amplicons prior to the PCR Clean-Up step.
Sequence analyses were performed to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the 17 isolates identified within the scope of the study on tef1 and tub2 gene regions selected, in line with the data in the literature [28,29,30,31]. PCR products were first purified using the PCR cleaning step and the Seqline PCR Clean-Up kit (2931A, EYS Medikal, Sokak, Türkiye). Forward and reverse sequencing were then performed with the Applied Biosystems 3500/3500xl Genetic Analyzers and Data Collection Software v3.0 or v3.1. Broken reads originated from the primer binding points of the samples whose sequencing process was completed and were excised with the Bioedit v7.0.53 program [34]. After editing the sequence data of the isolates, the sequences were subjected to multiple alignment using MEGA v6. [35]. The correctness of the polymorphisms was checked, reference isolates were used in the evaluation of all the isolates within the scope of the study, and the results were also checked via NCBI-Blast-n (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastn&PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch&LINK_LOC=blasthome, accessed date: 27 March 2025) and FUSARIOID-ID (https://www.fusarium.org, accessed date: 27 March 2025) [36].

3. Results

In total, 17 Fusarium species were identified from Bozcaada Çavuş and Karalahna grapes using two gene regions. The identification of isolates was based on a BLASTn search of partial sequences. An NCBI BLASTn search was performed with nucleotide sequences of the tef1 and tub2 gene regions. The isolates were 98.97% to 100% similar to other Fusarium species in GenBank. However, the matches in the two gene regions did not show parallelism with the NCBI BLASTN matches. Therefore, nucleotide sequences were matched with the FUSARIOID-ID database by multi-locus sequencing, and it was determined that the matches were 98.71% to 100% similar. The identification with the NCBI Bank was made by considering a single-gene region of the isolates, and the similarities between the tef1 and tub2 genes are presented in Table 2. In the FUSARIOID-ID database, multiple sequence typing was performed with two gene regions, and the similarity rates are given in Table 3. The colony morphologies of the five isolates in the PDA and SNA media are shown in Figure 1.
The isolates were identified as Fusarium makinsoniae (1) and Fusarium clavus (as ‘clavum’) (1) from the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), Fusarium nirenbergiae (2) and Fusarium fabacearum (2) from the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC), and Fusarium annulatum (11) from the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). To construct the phylogenetic tree of the tef1 gene, 20 reference sequences belonging to Fusarium species in GenBank were included. The tef1 gene phylogenetic tree was rooted using Fusarium buxicola strain CBS 125551 (Figure 2).

4. Discussion

This study represents the first study on Fusarium species colonizing Bozcaada Çavuş and Karalahna grape berries. There are only two studies on the mycobiota and mycotoxigenic Aspergillus population of Bozcaada grapes and OTA production [2,19], with no other studies available. Thus, determining the mycobiota in agricultural products is significant, as it provides data on possible mycotoxin formation in that product [37].
There are limited studies on the isolation of Fusarium species from grapes. Mikušová et al. reported that the most frequently found species were F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, Fusarium semitectum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium subglutinans, and Fusarium verticillioides, which they identified using traditional methods on Slovak grapes. They evaluated Fusarium species mycotoxins using HPLC-MS/MS. They found that F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum, which were grown on Czapek Yeast Autolysate Agar (CYA) and Yeast Extract Sucrose Agar (YES), produced beauvericin in amounts ranging from 3265 to 13,400 μg/kg and fusaproliferin in amounts ranging from 49,850 to 259,500 μg/kg [10,24]. Mašková et al. collected 24 samples of grapes used for wine production from various Slovak regions in 2012 and evaluated Fusarium isolates and their potential for producing mycotoxins. A total of 11 species were identified from grape samples, namely Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. semitectum, F. solani, Fusarium sporotrichioides, F. subglutinans, Fusarium tricinctum, and F. verticillioides. They reported that F. proliferatum and F. sporotrichioides were the most important species based on isolation frequency and relative density. They evaluated the mycotoxin production of selected isolates of these two species by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). As a result, only the sporadic production of diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2, and T-2 toxins was confirmed by F. proliferatum isolates. In contrast, all the F. sporotrichioides isolates were capable of producing diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin; 73% of them were capable of producing HT-2 toxin, and 50% of them were capable of producing zearalenone [22]. Bolton et al. identified mycotoxigenic Fusarium species using molecular techniques targeting the tef1 gene in grapes to assess mycotoxin risk in Southeastern American wine. They determined that F. fujikuroi was the most abundant species, followed by F. proliferatum, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, Fusarium concentricum, and F. solani. They determined that F. fujikuroi and F. proliferatum isolates produced fumonisin B1, B2, and B3. They emphasized that the view that the F. fujikuroi species produces low fumonisin levels is incorrect. Fusarium species should be re-evaluated as a mycotoxinogenic threat to economically important crops [38]. Tančinová et al. identified Fusarium isolates obtained from Slovak wine grapes using traditional methods. They reported that the isolates were F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. semitectum, F. solani, F. sporotrichioides, F. subglutinans, F. tricinctum, and F. verticillioides. When they evaluated the mycotoxin production of 47 isolates selected by random sampling using thin-layer chromatography, they determined that 68% produced at least one of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and diacetoxyscirpenol [11]. Cosseboom and Hu identified nine Fusarium isolates from grape bunches in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia wine vineyards with tef1-α. They identified seven as F. fujikuroi, one as F. proliferatum within the F. fujikuroi complex, and one as F. graminearum within the Fusarium sambucinum species complex [39]. In our study, Fusarium species diversity found in Çavuş and Karalahna grapes, which are specific to Bozcaada, was investigated with two gene regions, and as a result, F. makinsoniae (1) and F. clavus (as ’clavum’) (1) isolates from the FIESC, F. nirenbergiae (2) and F. fabacearum (2) isolates from the FOSC and F. annulatum (11) isolates from the FFSC were identified, and they are species that have not been previously detected in grape berries. While F. annulatum, F. clavus, and F. nirenbergiae species isolated in the study were previously identified in Türkiye [13], F. makinsoniae and F. fabacearum species are the first records for Türkiye [40,41,42].
There are studies in the literature on the presence of F. annulatum in grapevines [13,26,43], but no study has been performed on its detection in grape berries. F. annulatum, which is known to be a fumonisin producer [44], has also been reported to be a diacetoxyscirpenol, fusarenone-X, nivalenol, and neosolaniol producer by the LC-MS/MS of a F. annulatum isolate isolated from rice sheath rot [45]. FIESC members can also produce mycotoxins [26,46]. F. nirenbergiae has been reported to produce beauvericin and moniliformin [46]. Since the species isolated and identified in the study are those identified in the literature as mycotoxin producers, the infection of grapes with Fusarium spp. can pose a risk due to the wide range of mycotoxins produced by species belonging to this genus [47]. Furthermore, climate change today significantly affects the stages and rates of mycotoxin-producing fungal development, alters host resistance and host–pathogen interactions, and profoundly affects the conditions under which mycotoxin production occurs for each pathogen.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, our study found that possibly mycotoxigenic Fusarium species were present in Bozcaada grapes. Compared to the studies in the literature, the diversity of isolated Fusarium species was different. Additionally, F. makinsoniae and F. fabacearum species were recorded, their first instances in Türkiye. Furthermore, the discovery of new combinations of mycotoxins, host plants, and geographical areas has drawn the attention of the scientific community and necessitated the development of new diagnostic tools and a deeper understanding of the biology and genetics of toxigenic fungi. Therefore, it is very important to identify mycotoxigenic species in grapes and determine the mycotoxin species they produce.

Funding

This study was supported by the Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Scientific Research Projects unit, with project number BAP-2022-3925.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the author.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. (A–D): K114 F. makinsoniae (possible synonym of F. guilinense) colonies grown at 25 °C for 7 days. (A). PDA. (B). SNA. (C). PDA reverse. (D). SNA reverse. (E–H): K201 F. nirenbergiae colonies grown at 25 °C for 7 days. (E). PDA. (F). SNA. (G). PDA reverse. (H). SNA reverse. (I–L): K203 F. clavus (as ‘clavum’) colonies grown at 25 °C for 7 days. (I). PDA. (J). SNA. (K). PDA reverse. (L). SNA reverse. (M–P): K1205 F. annulatum colonies grown at 25 °C for 7 days. (M). PDA. (N). SNA. (O). PDA reverse. (P). SNA reverse. (Q–T): K2003 F. fabacearum colonies grown at 25 °C for 7 days. (Q). PDA. (R). SNA. (S). PDA reverse. (T). SNA reverse.
Figure 1. (A–D): K114 F. makinsoniae (possible synonym of F. guilinense) colonies grown at 25 °C for 7 days. (A). PDA. (B). SNA. (C). PDA reverse. (D). SNA reverse. (E–H): K201 F. nirenbergiae colonies grown at 25 °C for 7 days. (E). PDA. (F). SNA. (G). PDA reverse. (H). SNA reverse. (I–L): K203 F. clavus (as ‘clavum’) colonies grown at 25 °C for 7 days. (I). PDA. (J). SNA. (K). PDA reverse. (L). SNA reverse. (M–P): K1205 F. annulatum colonies grown at 25 °C for 7 days. (M). PDA. (N). SNA. (O). PDA reverse. (P). SNA reverse. (Q–T): K2003 F. fabacearum colonies grown at 25 °C for 7 days. (Q). PDA. (R). SNA. (S). PDA reverse. (T). SNA reverse.
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Figure 2. Maximum Likelihood Tree. Tamura–Nei model for tef1 chosen for maximum likelihood analysis. Bootstrap set to 1000 replicas. Branch arrangements selected as TBR. KM231939.1 Fusarium buxicola strain CBS 125551 translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene; partial cds used as outgroup.
Figure 2. Maximum Likelihood Tree. Tamura–Nei model for tef1 chosen for maximum likelihood analysis. Bootstrap set to 1000 replicas. Branch arrangements selected as TBR. KM231939.1 Fusarium buxicola strain CBS 125551 translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene; partial cds used as outgroup.
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Table 1. Primer sequences used in study.
Table 1. Primer sequences used in study.
Title 1AbbreviationsPrimer Sequence (5′–3′)Reference
Translation Elongation Factor 1-alpha (tef1)EF1-FATGGGTAAGGARGACAAGAC[32]
EF2-RGGARGTACCAGTSATCATG
Βeta-Tubulin (tub2)T1-RAACATGCGTGAGATTGTAAGT[33]
T22-RTCTGGATGTTGTTGGGAATCC
Table 2. Identification of Fusarium isolates determined by amplifying tef1 and tub2 gene and nucleotide sequences in NCBIblastn.
Table 2. Identification of Fusarium isolates determined by amplifying tef1 and tub2 gene and nucleotide sequences in NCBIblastn.
Isolate No.tef1tub2Collection
Date		Isolation SourceLocation
Closest RelativeClosest Accession NumberIdentity (%)Closest RelativeClosest Accession NumberIdentity (%)
K114F. makinsoniaeOQ626867.1100F. incarnatumMT895843.199.394 August 2015Çavuş
grape		Bozcaada
Çayır
F. cf. incarnatumMW076638.1100F. cf. ‘incarnatum-equiseti’PQ435149.199.39
F. makinsoniaeOQ626866.1100F. cf. ‘incarnatum-equiseti’PQ360889.199.39
F. incarnatumKP133060.199.39
F. cf. ‘incarnatum-equiseti’PQ360887.199.39
F. incarnatumKP133061.199.39
K201F. nirenbergiaePQ819571.1100F. glycinesOP642084.198.574 August 2015Karalahna
grape		Bozcaada
Sulubahçe
F. oxysporumDQ016269.1100F. oxysporumMH827997.198.57
F. nirenbergiaePP431416.1100F. oxysporumOP901509.198.57
F. nirenbergiaeMH485017.1100F. oxysporumPP694827.198.57
F. oxysporum f. sp. cepaeEU220395.1100F. oxysporumPQ435146.198.57
F. oxysporumMF327613.1100
K203F. equisetiMK061540.1100F. clavumPP796758.11004 August 2015Karalahna
grape		Bozcaada
Sulubahçe
F. clavumPP782146.1100F. clavumON292434.1100
F. equisetiKF651956.1100F. clavumPP796769.100
Fusarium sp. NRRL 53091GU250573.1100
F. clavumON292415.1100
K1129F. proliferatumPP928449.199.76F. fujikuroiMK784204.199.6120 June 2016Çavuş
grape		Bozcaada
Çayır
F. annulatumOQ925589.199.76F. fujikuroiMN896954.199.61
F. proliferatumMT305198.199.76F. proliferatumMZ680574.199.61
F. annulatumOK888534.199.76F. proliferatumON152866.199.61
F. proliferatumPP782632.199.76F. proliferatumJX174034.199.61
K1205F. proliferatumPP928449.1100F. fujikuroiMK784204.110020 June 2016Çavuş
grape		Bozcaada
Çayır
F. annulatumOQ925589.1100F. fujikuroiMN896954.1100
F. proliferatumMT305198.1100F. proliferatumMZ680574.1100
F. annulatumOK888534.1100F. proliferatumLC171211.1100
F. proliferatumPP782632.1100F. proliferatumON152866.1100
K1254F. proliferatumPP928449.199.76F. fujikuroiMK784204.199.6120 June 2016Çavuş
grape		Bozcaada
Sulubahçe
F. annulatumOQ925589.199.76F. fujikuroiMN896954.199.61
F. proliferatumMT305198.199.76F. proliferatumMZ680574.199.61
F. annulatumOK888534.199.76F. proliferatumON152866.199.61
F. proliferatumPP782632.199.76
K1257F. proliferatumPP928449.1100F. fujikuroiMK784204.199.8020 June 2016Çavuş
grape		Bozcaada
Sulubahçe
F. annulatumOQ925589.1100F. fujikuroiMN896954.199.80
F. proliferatumMT305198.1100F. proliferatumMZ680574.199.80
F. annulatumOK888534.1100F. proliferatumLC171211.199.80
F. proliferatumPP782632.1100F. proliferatumON152866.199.80
K1363F. proliferatumOP273535.199.75F. fujikuroiMK784204.199.6130 June 2016Çavuş
grape		Bozcaada
Sulubahçe
F. proliferatumPP928449.199.75F. fujikuroiMN896954.199.61
F. annulatumOQ925589.199.75F. proliferatumMZ680574.199.61
F. proliferatumMT305198.199.75F. proliferatumON152866.199.61
F. annulatumOK888534.199.75F. proliferatumJX174034.199.61
K1400F. proliferatumPP928449.199.76F. fujikuroiMK784204.199.8010 July 2016Çavuş
grape		Bozcaada
Çayır
F. annulatumOQ925589.199.76F. fujikuroiMN896954.199.80
F. proliferatumMT305198.199.76F. proliferatumMZ680574.199.80
F. annulatumOK888534.199.76F. proliferatumLC171211.199.80
F. proliferatumPP782632.199.76F. proliferatumON152866.99.80
K1407F. proliferatumPP928449.198.97F. fujikuroiMK784204.199.8010 July 2016Çavuş
grape		Bozcaada
Çayır
F. proliferatumMT305198.198.97F. fujikuroiMN896954.199.80
F. annulatumOK888534.198.97F. proliferatumMZ680574.199.80
F. proliferatumPP782632.198.97F. proliferatumLC171211.199.80
F. annulatumOQ925612.198.97F. proliferatumON152866.199.80
K1523F. proliferatumPP928449.1100F. fujikuroiMK784204.110010 July 2016Çavuş
grape		Bozcaada
Çayır
F. annulatumOQ925589.1100F. fujikuroiMN896954.1100
F. proliferatumMT305198.1100F. proliferatumMZ680574.1100
F. annulatumOK888534.1100F. proliferatumLC171211.1100
F. proliferatumPP782632.1100F. proliferatumON152866.1100
K1812F. nirenbergiaePQ819571.1100F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinansON292451.199.811 August 2016Karalahna
grape		Bozcaada
Çayır
F. oxysporumDQ016269.1100F. avenaceumON292477.199.81
F. nirenbergiaePP431416.1100F. oxysporumLC414363.199.81
F. nirenbergiaeMH485017.1100F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinansON292481.199.81
F. oxysporum f. sp. cepaeEU220395.1100F. nirenbergiaeON292493.199.81
K2003F. oxysporumKP964863.1100F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthiLT841229.199.8011August 2016Çavuş
grape		Bozcaada
Sulubahçe
F. oxysporumKF537337.1100F. oxysporumMN451160.199.80
F. oxysporumMT078506.1100F. oxysporum f. sp. pisiKP964945.199.80
F. oxysporumMK461970.1100F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectumKT323796.199.80
F. oxysporumOQ511060.1100F. oxysporumMN451093.199.80
K2043F. oxysporumKP964863.199.75F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthiLT841229.110022 August 2016Karalahna
grape		Bozccada
Sulubahçe
F. oxysporumKF537337.199.75F. oxysporumMN451160.1100
F. oxysporumMT078506.199.75F. oxysporum f. sp. pisiKP964945.1100
F. oxysporumMK461970.199.75F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectumKT323796.1100
F. oxysporumOQ511060.199.75F. oxysporumMN451093.1100
X388F. proliferatumPP928449.198.97F. fujikuroiMK784204.110020 July 2016Çavuş
grape		Bozcaada
Sulubahçe
F. proliferatumMT305198.198.97F. fujikuroiMN896954.1100
F. annulatumOK888534.198.97F. proliferatumMZ680574.1100
F. proliferatumPP782632.198.97F. proliferatumLC171211.1100
F. annulatumOQ9256198.97F. proliferatumON152866.1100
X459F. proliferatumPP928449.199.76F. fujikuroiMK784204.11001 August 2016Çavuş
grape		Bozcaada
Sulubahçe
F. annulatumOQ925589.199.76F. fujikuroiMN896954.1100
F. proliferatumMT305198.199.76F. proliferatumMZ680574.1100
F. annulatumOK888534.199.76F. proliferatumON152866.1100
F. proliferatumPP782632.199.76F. proliferatumJX174034.1100
X548F. proliferatumPP928449.1100F. fujikuroiMK784204.110011 August 2016Çavuş
grape		Bozcaada
Sulubahçe
F. annulatumOQ925589.1100F. fujikuroiMN896954.1100
F. proliferatumMT305198.1100F. proliferatumMZ680574.1100
F. annulatumOK888534.1100F. proliferatumLC171211.1100
F. proliferatumPP782632.1100F. proliferatumON152866.1100
Table 3. Identification of Fusarium isolates identified by amplification of tef1 and tub2 gene nucleotide sequences with multi-locus in FUSARIOID-OD.
Table 3. Identification of Fusarium isolates identified by amplification of tef1 and tub2 gene nucleotide sequences with multi-locus in FUSARIOID-OD.
Isolate No.Identity (%)Closest SpeciesStrain Number
K114100F. makinsoniae (possible synonym of F. guilinense)BRIP 64420g
100F. makinsoniae (possible synonym of F. guilinense)BRIP 64547a
K201100F. nirenbergiaeJW 288013
100F. nirenbergiaeJW 289011
K203100F. clavus (as ‘clavum’)CBS 131448
100F. clavus (as ‘clavum’)CBS 131787
K112998.74F. annulatumCBS 258.54
K120599.36F. annulatumCBS 258.54
K125499.37F. annulatumCBS 258.54
K125799.37F. annulatumCBS 258.54
K136398.71F. annulatumCBS 258.54
K140099.03F. annulatumCBS 258.54
K140798.71F. annulatumCBS 258.54
K152399.36F. annulatumCBS 258.54
K1812100F. nirenbergiaeJW 288013
100F. nirenbergiaeJW 289011
K2003100F. fabacearumJW 6021
100F. fabacearumJW 6043
100F. fabacearumNRRL 37622
100F. fabacearumLLC1367
100F. fabacearumLLC1387
100F. fabacearumLLC1410
100F. fabacearumLLC1536
100F. fabacearumLLC1682
100F. fabacearumLLC3388
100F. fabacearumLLC3481
100F. wimaladesilvaeBRIP 70752a
K2043100F. fabacearumJW 6021
100F. fabacearumJW 6043
100F. fabacearumNRRL 37622
100F. fabacearumLLC1367
100F. fabacearumLLC1387
100F. fabacearumLLC1410
100F. fabacearumLLC1536
100F. fabacearumLLC1682
100F. fabacearumLLC3388
100F. fabacearumLLC3481
100F. wimaladesilvaeBRIP 70752a
X38898.98F. annulatumCBS 258.54
X45999.03F. annulatumCBS 258.54
X54899.36F. annulatumCBS 258.54
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Özcan Ateş, G. Molecular Identification of Fusarium Isolates from Bozcaada Çavuş and Karalahna Grapes in Türkiye. J. Fungi 2025, 11, 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050373

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Özcan Ateş G. Molecular Identification of Fusarium Isolates from Bozcaada Çavuş and Karalahna Grapes in Türkiye. Journal of Fungi. 2025; 11(5):373. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050373

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Özcan Ateş, Gülçin. 2025. "Molecular Identification of Fusarium Isolates from Bozcaada Çavuş and Karalahna Grapes in Türkiye" Journal of Fungi 11, no. 5: 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050373

APA Style

Özcan Ateş, G. (2025). Molecular Identification of Fusarium Isolates from Bozcaada Çavuş and Karalahna Grapes in Türkiye. Journal of Fungi, 11(5), 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11050373

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