Effects of COVID-19 on Arrhythmia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Incidence and Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 Complicated with Arrhythmia
2.1. Incidence of Disease
2.2. Clinical Manifestation
3. Potential Mechanism of COVID-19 Complicated with Arrhythmia
3.1. Direct Mechanism
3.1.1. Changes in Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 Expression Induced by Viral Infection
3.1.2. Myocarditis
3.2. Indirect Mechanism
3.2.1. Cytokine Storm
3.2.2. Cardiac Injury
3.2.3. Electrophysiological Effects
3.2.4. Hypoxemia
3.2.5. Myocardial Strain
3.2.6. Electrolyte Abnormalities
3.2.7. Intravascular Volume Imbalance
3.2.8. Drug Toxicities and Interactions
3.2.9. Stress Response
4. Management Scheme of Arrhythmia Treatment in the Presence of COVID-19
4.1. Antiviral Therapy
4.2. The Method of Dealing with Tachyarrhythmia
4.3. Optimal Management
5. The Prognostic Impact of COVID-19 on Arrhythmia
6. Discussion and Prospect
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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First Author | Year | Country | Study Type | Study Duration | Participants | Treatment | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antinori et al. [113] | 2020 | Italy | Prospective Study | 23 February–20 March 2020 | 35 | Remdesivir | Ramidivir is effective for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 with few adverse reactions. |
Olender et al. [114] | 2021 | Multinational | Randomize Phase III Clinical Trial and Retrospective Cohort Study | 9 March–10 April 2020 | 1130 | Remdesivir | Remdesivir is associated with greater recovery in patients with severe COVID-19. |
Spinner et al. [115] | 2020 | the US, Europe, and Asia | Controlled Trial | 15 March–18 April 2020 | 596 | Remdesivir | No significant difference in the additional therapeutic effect of patients with moderate COVID-19 treated with remdesivir. |
Wang et al. [116] | 2020 | China | RCT | 6 February–12 March 2020 | 237 | Remdesivir | Remdesivir was not associated with statistically significant clinical benefits. |
Cao et al. [117] | 2020 | China | RCT | 18 January–3 February 2020 | 199 | Lopinavir-Ritonavir | No additional benefit was observed in patients treated with lopinavir-ritonavir beyond the usual care. |
Reis et al. [118] | 2021 | Brazil | RCT | 2 June–30 September 2020 | 685 | Hydroxychloroquine or Lopinavir-Ritonavir | No important clinical benefits of hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir-ritonavir were discovered. |
Mitjà et al. [119] | 2021 | Spain | RCT | 17 March–26 May 2020 | 293 | Hydroxychloroquine | No additional benefit was observed in patients treated with HCQ beyond the usual care. |
Skipper et al. [120] | 2020 | the US and Canada | RCT | 22 March–20 May 2020 | 491 | Hydroxychloroquine | Hydroxychloroquine did not substantially reduce symptom severity in outpatients with early, mild COVID-19. |
Aman et al. [121] | 2021 | Netherlands | RCT | 31 March–4 January 2021 | 400 | Imatinib | Imatinib may benefit in COVID-19 patients, safety evaluation showed no adverse events related to imatinib. |
Caplan et al. [122] | 2021 | France | Single center Retrospective Study | 27 February–14 April 2020 | 169 | Almitrine Infusion | Almitrine infusion improved oxygenation in COVID-19 patients without adverse effects. |
Ochoa et al. [123] | 2021 | Mexico | Prospective Trial | 5 June–5 August 2020 | 243 | Sulodexide | Sulodexide was effective in reducing hospitalization time and supplemental oxygen treatment, and had no obvious side effects. |
Moragón et al. [124] | 2021 | Spain | RCT | 19 October–19 January 2021 | 20 | Metoprolol | Intravenous metoprolol reduced lung inflammation, and improved oxygenation. |
Oldenburg et al. [125] | 2021 | the US | RCT | May–March 2021 | 263 | Azithromycin | The results showed that single dose azithromycin might be ineffective. |
Lescure et al. [126] | 2021 | Multinational | RCT | 28 March–3 July 2020 | 431 | Sarilumab | The results suggest that a short course of MP in COVID-19 patients did not reduce mortality. |
Ramakrishnan et al. [127] | 2021 | the UK | RCT | 16 July–9 December 2020 | 167 | Inhaled Budesonide | Inhaled budesonide reduced the possibility of emergency medical care and the recovery time of early COVID-19. |
Feld et al. [128] | 2021 | Canada | RCT | 18 May–4 September 2020 | 60 | Peginterferon Lambda | Peginterferon lambda may prevent deterioration and shorten duration of viral shedding in COVID-19 patients. |
Jeronimo et al. [129] | 2021 | Brazil | RCT | 18 April–16 June 2020 | 647 | Methylprednisolone (MP) | The results suggest that a short course of MP in COVID-19 patients did not reduce mortality. |
Hung et al. [130] | 2020 | China | Multicenter Prospective Study | 10 February–20 March 2020 | 127 | Triple Combination of Interferon Beta-1b, Lopinavir-Ritonavir, and Ribavirin | Early triple antiviral therapy was safe and superior to lopinavir–ritonavir alone in COVID-19 patients. |
Meng et al. [131] | 2020 | China | Non-randomized Phase I Clinical Trial | 27 January–30 March 2020 | 18 | Human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy (UC-MSCs) | The results suggest that intravenous UC-MSCs infusion in COVID-19 patients is safe and well tolerated. |
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Zhan, Y.; Yue, H.; Liang, W.; Wu, Z. Effects of COVID-19 on Arrhythmia. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2022, 9, 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9090292
Zhan Y, Yue H, Liang W, Wu Z. Effects of COVID-19 on Arrhythmia. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2022; 9(9):292. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9090292
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhan, Yujia, Honghua Yue, Weitao Liang, and Zhong Wu. 2022. "Effects of COVID-19 on Arrhythmia" Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 9, no. 9: 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9090292