Service Design of a Loss Prevention Device for Older Adults with Dementia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Motivation
1.2. Purpose
2. Research Framework
2.1. Literature Review
2.1.1. Caregivers and Platform for Caregiving
- (1)
- What is dementia?
- (1)
- Also, the focus is placed on the behavioral characteristics of people diagnosed with dementia; i.e., central symptoms versus peripheral symptoms.
2.1.2. Wearable Device Technology and Platforms for Caregiving
2.1.3. Caregivers and Wearable Device Technology
3. Study Background
3.1. Current Situation and Trend of the Aging Elderly Population in Taiwan and Yunlin
3.2. Aged Society and the Needs of Dementia Patients
4. Applicable Conditions and Applicable Scope
4.1. Applicable Conditions
- Low power consumption; it can be used continuously for more than 12 months without charging.
- The device is lightweight and convenient, weighs less than 25 g, and is easy to wear.
- The sensing range can be extended to indoor and outdoor areas, and the distance can be set according to the user’s needs.
- The cost of the device is not high, and its overall features are better than those of any other products on the market.
4.2. Application Scope
- Precise detection, which is widely used in observatories, communication system base stations, and TV stations.
- Engineering construction: GPS equipment is widely used for surveying in the construction of roads, bridges, and tunnels.
- Exploration and mapping: GPS equipment is used in both field exploration and urban planning.
- Navigation:
- (1)
- Weapon navigation: Precision-guided munition, and cruise missiles;
- (2)
- Vehicle navigation: Vehicle dispatching and monitoring systems;
- (3)
- Ship navigation: Ocean navigation, and port/inland water diversion;
- (4)
- Aircraft navigation: Route navigation, approach, and landing control;
- (5)
- Interstellar navigation: Satellite positioning;
- (6)
- Personal navigation: Personal travel and wild exploration.
- Positioning:
- (1)
- Vehicle anti-theft devices;
- (2)
- Mobile phones, PDA, PPC, other mobile anti-theft equipment, electronic maps, and positioning systems;
- (3)
- Anti-loss systems for children and special groups;
- (4)
- Precision agriculture: Agricultural machinery navigation, automatic driving, and high-precision land leveling;
- (5)
- Timing: Used to provide accurate synchronous clocks for telecommunication base stations, TV transmission stations, etc.
4.3. Six Features of GPS Technology
- Not affected by any weather conditions;
- Global coverage, up to 98%;
- High-precision three-dimensional fixed points, fixed speed, and timing;
- Fast, time-saving, and efficient;
- Wide range of applications, and multiple functions;
- Mobile positioning.
5. Research Discussion
- To provide discussion about the definitions and types of dementia smart alert bracelets;
- To provide discussion about the selection decisions of dementia smart alert bracelets;
- To provide discussion about the factors influencing the form of dementia smart alert bracelets.
6. Experiments and Hypotheses
6.1. Experiments
6.2. Hypotheses
7. Subjects
8. Materials
8.1. Personal Background Information
- Gender was divided into male and female, with a total of two options.
- The participants were divided into the following different age ranges: 55–60 years old, 61–65 years old, 66–70 years old, 71–75 years old, 76–80 years old, 81–85 years old, 86–90 years old, 91–95 years old, and 96 years old and above, making a total of nine options.
- The participants were divided in to the following different education levels: primary education, lower secondary education, upper secondary education (vocational school), Bachelor’s education, tertiary education, literate, and illiterate, making a total of seven options.
- The participants were asked whether they live with their children or not, and there were two options: “Yes” or “No”.
- Degree of dementia was rated on a scale: CDR: 0.5, CDR: 1, CDR: 2, and CDR: 3, with a total of four options.
- The participants were asked whether they have children or not, and there were two options: “Yes” or “No”.
8.2. Experimental Information
- Douliu “Little Sun” Day Care Center for older adults;
- Gukeng “Little Sun” Day Care Center for older adults;
- “Bulaotang” Dongshi Day Care Service Center;
- “Bulaotang” Taixi Day Care Service Center;
- “Chang Tai Old School” Douli Day Care Center;
- “Chang Tai Old School” Huwei Day Care Center;
- “Chang Tai Old School” Baozhong Day Care Center.
- Wearable Device
8.3. Usability Experience
- Simple ↔ Difficult.
- Relaxed ↔ Oppressive.
- Convenient ↔ Inconvenient.
- Stable ↔ Tense.
- Reliable ↔ Unreliable.
- Safe ↔ Dangerous.
- Useful ↔ Difficult to use.
- Lightweight ↔ Bulky.
- Effortless ↔ Laborious.
- Comfortable ↔ Uncomfortable.
9. Implementation Research
9.1. The First Stage
9.2. The Second Stage
9.3. The Third Stage
9.4. The Fourth Stage
10. Research Methods and Data Analysis
11. Research Results and Analysis
- Convenience Sampling
- The correlation coefficient between each question and the total score reached a significance level of 0.01.
- The correlation coefficient between each question and its total score reached a significance level of 0.001.
- According to the total score of the subscale, the samples were divided into high and low groups (the highest and the lowest were 27% respectively), and the mean difference between the high and low groups was compared item by item, and the t-value reached a significance level of 0.01 [26].
11.1. Statistical Analysis of the Personal Background Data of the Subjects
- A.
- The relevant information and content of the first-time subjects are detailed below, and the main reasons for the differences are described as follows.
- (1)
- Most of the subjects were women (67.9%).
- (2)
- The age distribution was mainly 81–85 years old (30.29%), followed by 86–90 years old (17.86%), and 76–80 years old (16.67%).
- (3)
- The general education background of the subjects is elementary school (42.86%), followed by junior high school (28.57%).
- (4)
- All the subjects had children, but 15.5% of the subjects did not live with their children.
- (5)
- In terms of the degree of dementia, most of the elders had moderate dementia, 45.2% of the subjects were moderately so, 28.6% were mild, and 16.7% were severe.
- (6)
- The reasons for the reduction in the number of tested personnel are as follows: (a) emotional issues (one person); (b) unable to answer properly (one person); (c) family members decided to quit (two people); (d) long-term leave (six people); and (e) those who left the day care center (six people).
- B.
- The following points related to the information and content of the respondents to the second questionnaire and the main reasons for the changes were mainly considered to describe the differences and distributions. However, upon the second questionnaire, due to the personal issues of the respondents, the number of responses decreased. The details of said responses are as follows.
- C.
- In the second experiment, there were fewer male and female subjects. The majority of subjects were still women (66.67%).
- (1)
- Their age was mainly between 81–85 years old (38.7%), followed by 86–90 years old (20.0%), and then 76–80 years old (14.7%).
- (2)
- The most common subjects had an elementary school education (37.3%), followed by a middle school education (30.7%).
- (3)
- All the subjects had children, but 15.5% of the subjects did not live with their children.
- (4)
- In terms of the degree of dementia, most of the elders had moderate dementia, 45.2% of the subjects were moderately so, 28.6% were mild, and 16.7% were severe.
- (5)
- Except for the older adults who had withdrawn from the first stage, the reasons for the withdrawal of nine people from the second test are given as follows: (a) the relatively short wearing time (three people); (b) the long-term intervals or interruptions (three people); and (c) their admission from the day care center (three people), along with other unidentified factors.
11.2. Analysis of Different Background Variables in Each Piece of Research
11.3. Analysis Independent Samples t-Test
- (1)
- “Simple”: For wearing protective bracelets based on gender, the feedback collected from men after their wearing the device for the first time was that it was difficult to wear the device. After they were used to wearing the device, the preference for this increased (favorability increased to 2.64%).
- (2)
- “Lightweight”: In terms of lightness, the feeling of the device ranged from repulsion and lack of familiarity to greater familiarity; the device’s weight was actually similar to the weight of jewelry worn in the past, so women’s favorability increased (2.14%, increasing to 2.48%). Men generally did not have the habit of wearing accessories, so there was no increase in favorability (2.19%, increasing to 2.28%).
- (3)
- “Effort-saving”: In terms of energy-saving, the feelings of men did not change (2.37% increased to 2.44%). It was also found through interviews that after getting used to wearing the device, the sense of weight was reduced, so women felt that the device’s weight was quite acceptable (2.35% increased to 2.44%).
11.4. One Way ANOVA
11.4.1. Analysis of Different “Wearable Devices” and Usability Experience
Wearing Results of the First Test (Table 6)
- (1)
- Bluetooth wristbands (orange wristbands) had a higher sense of “Relaxed”, “Reliable”, and “Safe” for the older adults.
- (2)
- GPS wristbands (pink wristbands) had a higher sense of “Convenient”, ”Simple” and “Stable” for the older adults.
- (3)
- GPS watches (black watches) had a higher sense of “Lightweight”, “Useful”, and “Effortless”.
- (4)
- Bluetooth wristbands (orange wristbands) and GPS wristbands (pink wristband) showed equal status in the two indicators of “Simple” and “Relaxed”.
N | Average Value | Standard Deviation | Standard Error of Mean | Confidence Interval, CI | Minimum | Maximum | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | ||||||||
Usability experience “Simple” | Bluetooth card | 15 | 2.07 | 0.594 | 0.153 | 1.74 | 2.40 | 1 | 3 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 15 | 2.47 | 0.640 | 0.165 | 2.11 | 2.82 | 2 | 4 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 19 | 2.26 | 0.653 | 0.150 | 1.95 | 2.58 | 1 | 4 | |
GPS wrist | 19 | 2.47 | 1.020 | 0.234 | 1.98 | 2.97 | 1 | 5 | |
GPS watch | 16 | 2.25 | 0.447 | 0.112 | 2.01 | 2.49 | 2 | 3 | |
total | 84 | 2.31 | 0.711 | 0.078 | 2.16 | 2.46 | 1 | 5 | |
Usability experience “Relaxed” | Bluetooth card | 15 | 2.13 | 0.640 | 0.165 | 1.78 | 2.49 | 1 | 4 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 15 | 2.53 | 1.060 | 0.274 | 1.95 | 3.12 | 1 | 5 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 19 | 2.05 | 0.405 | 0.093 | 1.86 | 2.25 | 1 | 3 | |
GPS wrist | 19 | 2.53 | 1.020 | 0.234 | 2.03 | 3.02 | 1 | 5 | |
GPS watch | 16 | 2.38 | 0.719 | 0.180 | 1.99 | 2.76 | 1 | 4 | |
total | 84 | 2.32 | 0.809 | 0.088 | 2.15 | 2.50 | 1 | 5 | |
Usability experience “Convenient” | Bluetooth card | 15 | 2.40 | 0.632 | 0.163 | 2.05 | 2.75 | 1 | 3 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 15 | 2.47 | 0.743 | 0.192 | 2.06 | 2.88 | 1 | 4 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 19 | 2.32 | 0.749 | 0.172 | 1.95 | 2.68 | 1 | 4 | |
GPS wrist | 19 | 2.63 | 0.831 | 0.191 | 2.23 | 3.03 | 1 | 4 | |
GPS watch | 16 | 2.56 | 0.814 | 0.203 | 2.13 | 3.00 | 1 | 4 | |
total | 84 | 2.48 | 0.752 | 0.082 | 2.31 | 2.64 | 1 | 4 | |
Usability experience “Stable” | Bluetooth card | 15 | 2.33 | 0.617 | 0.159 | 1.99 | 2.68 | 1 | 3 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 15 | 2.27 | 0.704 | 0.182 | 1.88 | 2.66 | 1 | 3 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 19 | 2.26 | 0.562 | 0.129 | 1.99 | 2.53 | 1 | 3 | |
GPS wrist | 19 | 2.37 | 0.955 | 0.219 | 1.91 | 2.83 | 1 | 4 | |
GPS watch | 16 | 2.25 | 0.683 | 0.171 | 1.89 | 2.61 | 1 | 3 | |
total | 84 | 2.30 | 0.708 | 0.077 | 2.14 | 2.45 | 1 | 4 | |
Usability experience “Reliable” | Bluetooth card | 15 | 2.47 | 0.743 | 0.192 | 2.06 | 2.88 | 1 | 4 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 15 | 2.73 | 0.458 | 0.118 | 2.48 | 2.99 | 2 | 3 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 19 | 2.68 | 0.478 | 0.110 | 2.45 | 2.91 | 2 | 3 | |
GPS wrist | 19 | 2.53 | 0.697 | 0.160 | 2.19 | 2.86 | 1 | 3 | |
GPS watch | 16 | 2.56 | 0.512 | 0.128 | 2.29 | 2.84 | 2 | 3 | |
total | 84 | 2.60 | 0.583 | 0.064 | 2.47 | 2.72 | 1 | 4 | |
Usability experience “Safe” | Bluetooth card | 15 | 2.53 | 0.743 | 0.192 | 2.12 | 2.94 | 1 | 4 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 15 | 2.67 | 0.488 | 0.126 | 2.40 | 2.94 | 2 | 3 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 19 | 2.47 | 0.612 | 0.140 | 2.18 | 2.77 | 1 | 3 | |
GPS wrist | 19 | 2.42 | 0.769 | 0.176 | 2.05 | 2.79 | 1 | 4 | |
GPS watch | 16 | 2.38 | 0.719 | 0.180 | 1.99 | 2.76 | 1 | 3 | |
total | 84 | 2.49 | 0.668 | 0.073 | 2.34 | 2.63 | 1 | 4 | |
Usability experience “Useful” | Bluetooth card | 15 | 2.33 | 0.724 | 0.187 | 1.93 | 2.73 | 1 | 4 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 15 | 2.67 | 0.617 | 0.159 | 2.32 | 3.01 | 2 | 4 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 19 | 2.47 | 0.612 | 0.140 | 2.18 | 2.77 | 1 | 3 | |
GPS wrist | 19 | 2.37 | 0.761 | 0.175 | 2.00 | 2.74 | 1 | 4 | |
GPS watch | 16 | 2.69 | 0.602 | 0.151 | 2.37 | 3.01 | 2 | 4 | |
total | 84 | 2.50 | 0.668 | 0.073 | 2.36 | 2.64 | 1 | 4 | |
Usability experience “Lightweight” | Bluetooth card | 15 | 2.07 | 0.704 | 0.182 | 1.68 | 2.46 | 1 | 4 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 15 | 2.00 | 0.535 | 0.138 | 1.70 | 2.30 | 1 | 3 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 19 | 2.00 | 0.667 | 0.153 | 1.68 | 2.32 | 1 | 3 | |
GPS wrist | 19 | 2.21 | 0.918 | 0.211 | 1.77 | 2.65 | 1 | 4 | |
GPS watch | 16 | 2.50 | 1.155 | 0.289 | 1.88 | 3.12 | 1 | 5 | |
total | 84 | 2.15 | 0.829 | 0.090 | 1.97 | 2.33 | 1 | 5 | |
Usability experience “Effortless” | Bluetooth card | 15 | 2.13 | 0.640 | 0.165 | 1.78 | 2.49 | 1 | 3 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 15 | 2.47 | 0.834 | 0.215 | 2.00 | 2.93 | 1 | 4 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 19 | 2.16 | 0.765 | 0.175 | 1.79 | 2.53 | 1 | 4 | |
GPS wrist | 19 | 2.26 | 0.653 | 0.150 | 1.95 | 2.58 | 1 | 3 | |
GPS watch | 16 | 2.81 | 0.911 | 0.228 | 2.33 | 3.30 | 1 | 4 | |
total | 84 | 2.36 | 0.786 | 0.086 | 2.19 | 2.53 | 1 | 4 | |
Usability experience “Comfortable” | Bluetooth card | 15 | 2.33 | 0.724 | 0.187 | 1.93 | 2.73 | 1 | 4 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 15 | 2.73 | 1.100 | 0.284 | 2.12 | 3.34 | 1 | 5 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 19 | 2.11 | 0.567 | 0.130 | 1.83 | 2.38 | 1 | 3 | |
GPS wrist | 19 | 2.37 | 0.955 | 0.219 | 1.91 | 2.83 | 1 | 4 | |
GPS watch | 16 | 2.63 | 0.957 | 0.239 | 2.11 | 3.14 | 1 | 5 | |
total | 84 | 2.42 | 0.881 | 0.096 | 2.23 | 2.61 | 1 | 5 |
Wearing Results of the Second Test (Table 7)
- (1)
- Bluetooth wristbands (orange wristbands) had a higher sense of “Convenient” and “Stable”, “Reliable”, “Useful”, and “Effortless”.
- (2)
- GPS watches (black watches) had a higher sense of “Simple”, “Relaxed”, “Lightweight”, and “Comfortable”.
- (3)
- Bluetooth pendants (straps) had a higher sense of “Safe” for the older adults.
- (4)
- After multiple comparisons of the wearable devices, it was found that the “Lightweight” use experience of the GPS watches (black watches) prompted more significant and positive feedback than Bluetooth cards (cards) (Table 8).
N | Average Value | Standard Deviation | Standard Error of Mean | Confidence Interval, CI | Minimum | Maximum | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | ||||||||
Usability experience “Simple” | Bluetooth card | 19 | 2.42 | 0.692 | 0.159 | 2.09 | 2.75 | 1 | 4 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 12 | 2.67 | 0.651 | 0.188 | 2.25 | 3.08 | 2 | 4 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 14 | 2.36 | 0.929 | 0.248 | 1.82 | 2.89 | 1 | 5 | |
GPS wrist | 15 | 2.40 | 0.632 | 0.163 | 2.05 | 2.75 | 2 | 4 | |
GPS watch | 15 | 2.73 | 0.704 | 0.182 | 2.34 | 3.12 | 2 | 4 | |
Total | 75 | 2.51 | 0.724 | 0.084 | 2.34 | 2.67 | 1 | 5 | |
Usability experience “Relaxed” | Bluetooth card | 19 | 2.58 | 0.838 | 0.192 | 2.18 | 2.98 | 1 | 4 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 12 | 2.58 | 0.669 | 0.193 | 2.16 | 3.01 | 2 | 4 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 14 | 2.43 | 0.756 | 0.202 | 1.99 | 2.87 | 2 | 4 | |
GPS wrist | 15 | 2.27 | 0.704 | 0.182 | 1.88 | 2.66 | 1 | 4 | |
GPS watch | 15 | 2.73 | 0.799 | 0.206 | 2.29 | 3.18 | 2 | 4 | |
Total | 75 | 2.52 | 0.760 | 0.088 | 2.35 | 2.69 | 1 | 4 | |
Usability experience “Convenient” | Bluetooth card | 19 | 2.53 | 0.841 | 0.193 | 2.12 | 2.93 | 1 | 4 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 12 | 2.75 | 0.452 | 0.131 | 2.46 | 3.04 | 2 | 3 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 14 | 2.64 | 0.633 | 0.169 | 2.28 | 3.01 | 2 | 4 | |
GPS wrist | 15 | 2.60 | 0.737 | 0.190 | 2.19 | 3.01 | 1 | 4 | |
GPS watch | 15 | 2.73 | 0.704 | 0.182 | 2.34 | 3.12 | 2 | 4 | |
Total | 75 | 2.64 | 0.690 | 0.080 | 2.48 | 2.80 | 1 | 4 | |
Usability experience “Stable” | Bluetooth card | 19 | 2.58 | 0.507 | 0.116 | 2.33 | 2.82 | 2 | 3 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 12 | 2.92 | 0.289 | 0.083 | 2.73 | 3.10 | 2 | 3 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 14 | 2.86 | 0.363 | 0.097 | 2.65 | 3.07 | 2 | 3 | |
GPS wrist | 15 | 2.73 | 0.458 | 0.118 | 2.48 | 2.99 | 2 | 3 | |
GPS watch | 15 | 2.80 | 0.414 | 0.107 | 2.57 | 3.03 | 2 | 3 | |
Total | 75 | 2.76 | 0.430 | 0.050 | 2.66 | 2.86 | 2 | 3 | |
Usability experience “Reliable” | Bluetooth card | 19 | 2.63 | 0.496 | 0.114 | 2.39 | 2.87 | 2 | 3 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 12 | 2.92 | 0.289 | 0.083 | 2.73 | 3.10 | 2 | 3 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 14 | 2.86 | 0.363 | 0.097 | 2.65 | 3.07 | 2 | 3 | |
GPS wrist | 15 | 2.73 | 0.458 | 0.118 | 2.48 | 2.99 | 2 | 3 | |
GPS watch | 15 | 2.87 | 0.352 | 0.091 | 2.67 | 3.06 | 2 | 3 | |
Total | 75 | 2.79 | 0.412 | 0.048 | 2.69 | 2.88 | 2 | 3 | |
Usability experience “Safe” | Bluetooth card | 19 | 2.63 | 0.496 | 0.114 | 2.39 | 2.87 | 2 | 3 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 12 | 2.83 | 0.389 | 0.112 | 2.59 | 3.08 | 2 | 3 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 14 | 2.86 | 0.363 | 0.097 | 2.65 | 3.07 | 2 | 3 | |
GPS wrist | 15 | 2.73 | 0.458 | 0.118 | 2.48 | 2.99 | 2 | 3 | |
GPS watch | 15 | 2.80 | 0.414 | 0.107 | 2.57 | 3.03 | 2 | 3 | |
Total | 75 | 2.76 | 0.430 | 0.050 | 2.66 | 2.86 | 2 | 3 | |
Usability experience “Useful” | Bluetooth card | 19 | 2.74 | 0.653 | 0.150 | 2.42 | 3.05 | 2 | 4 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 12 | 3.00 | 0.603 | 0.174 | 2.62 | 3.38 | 2 | 4 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 14 | 2.71 | 0.469 | 0.125 | 2.44 | 2.98 | 2 | 3 | |
GPS wrist | 15 | 2.60 | 0.507 | 0.131 | 2.32 | 2.88 | 2 | 3 | |
GPS watch | 15 | 2.87 | 0.516 | 0.133 | 2.58 | 3.15 | 2 | 4 | |
Total | 75 | 2.77 | 0.559 | 0.065 | 2.64 | 2.90 | 2 | 4 | |
Usability experience “Lightweight” | Bluetooth card | 19 | 2.16 | 0.602 | 0.138 | 1.87 | 2.45 | 1 | 3 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 12 | 2.42 | 0.515 | 0.149 | 2.09 | 2.74 | 2 | 3 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 14 | 2.29 | 0.611 | 0.163 | 1.93 | 2.64 | 1 | 3 | |
GPS wrist | 15 | 2.33 | 0.617 | 0.159 | 1.99 | 2.68 | 2 | 4 | |
GPS watch | 15 | 2.93 | 0.961 | 0.248 | 2.40 | 3.47 | 2 | 5 | |
Total | 75 | 2.41 | 0.718 | 0.083 | 2.25 | 2.58 | 1 | 5 | |
Usability experience “Effortless” | Bluetooth card | 19 | 2.26 | 0.562 | 0.129 | 1.99 | 2.53 | 1 | 3 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 12 | 2.58 | 0.515 | 0.149 | 2.26 | 2.91 | 2 | 3 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 14 | 2.29 | 0.611 | 0.163 | 1.93 | 2.64 | 1 | 3 | |
GPS wrist | 15 | 2.40 | 0.632 | 0.163 | 2.05 | 2.75 | 2 | 4 | |
GPS watch | 15 | 2.73 | 0.884 | 0.228 | 2.24 | 3.22 | 1 | 4 | |
Total | 75 | 2.44 | 0.663 | 0.077 | 2.29 | 2.59 | 1 | 4 | |
Usability experience “Comfortable” | Bluetooth card | 19 | 2.47 | 0.841 | 0.193 | 2.07 | 2.88 | 1 | 4 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 12 | 2.58 | 0.669 | 0.193 | 2.16 | 3.01 | 2 | 4 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 14 | 2.43 | 1.016 | 0.272 | 1.84 | 3.02 | 1 | 5 | |
GPS wrist | 15 | 2.20 | 0.561 | 0.145 | 1.89 | 2.51 | 2 | 4 | |
GPS watch | 15 | 2.87 | 0.990 | 0.256 | 2.32 | 3.42 | 1 | 4 | |
Total | 75 | 2.51 | 0.844 | 0.097 | 2.31 | 2.70 | 1 | 5 |
Usability Experience of “Lightweight” | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(I) Wearable Devices | (J) Wearable Devices | Mean Difference (I–J) | Standard Error of Mean | p Value | Confidence Interval, CI Lower Limit → Upper Limit | |
GPS watch | Bluetooth card | 0.775 * | 0.236 | 0.013 | 0.12 | 1.44 |
Bluetooth bracelet | 0.517 | 0.264 | 0.298 | −0.22 | 1.26 | |
Bluetooth pendant | 0.648 | 0.253 | 0.090 | −0.06 | 1.36 | |
GPS wrist | 0.600 | 0.249 | 0.125 | −0.10 | 1.30 |
11.4.2. Analysis of Different “Degrees of Dementia”
Wearing Results of the First Test
- (1)
- For CDR: 0.5 (the older adults with very mild dementia), wearing the device showed two feelings: “Lightweight” and “Effortless”.
- (2)
- For CDR: 1 (the older adults with mild dementia), wearing the device showed five feelings “Simple”, “Relaxed”, “Stable”, “Useful”, and “Comfortable”.
- (3)
- For CDR: 3 (the older adults with severe dementia), wearing the device had three feelings: “Convenient”, “Reliable”, and “Safe”.
Wearing Results of the Second Test
- (1)
- For CDR: 0.5 (the older adults with very mild dementia), wearing the device showed a “Comfortable” feeling.
- (2)
- For CDR: 1 (the older adults with mild dementia), wearing the device had several feelings of “Convenient”, “Reliable”, and “Lightweight” when wearing a device.
- (3)
- For CDR: 2 (the older adults with moderate dementia), wearing the device had three feelings of “Relaxed”, “Safe”, and “Useful”.
- (4)
- For CDR: 3 (the older adults with severe dementia), wearing the device had two feelings: “Simple” and “Safe”.
Results of Multiple Comparisons after Wearing in the Second Test
- (1)
- In terms of the four types of sexual experiences “Simple”, “Relaxed”, “Convenient” and, “Useful”, the sensitivity ratio of the older adults suspected of dementia was better than that of CDR: 2 (moderate dementia older adults).
- (2)
- In terms of sexual experience “Stable”, the sensitivity between the older adults suspected of dementia and CDR: 1 (elderly with mild dementia) was better than that of CDR: 2 (elderly with moderate dementia).
- (3)
- In terms of usability “Reliable”, the sensitivity between the older adults suspected of dementia and CDR: 1 (mild dementia older adults) was better than that of CDR: 2 (moderate dementia older adults).
- (4)
- In terms of usability “Reliable”, the sensitivity of the older adults suspected of dementia, CDR: 1 (elderly with mild dementia) and CDR: 3 (elderly with severe dementia) was higher than that of CDR: 2 (elderly with moderate dementia).
- (5)
- In terms of sexual experience “Effortless”, the susceptibility of the older adults suspected of dementia was better than that of CDR: 1 (elderly with mild dementia) and CDR: 2 (elderly with moderate dementia).
11.5. Difference Analysis of Different “Field Settings”
11.5.1. Analysis of the First Test
- Douliu “Little Sun” Day Care Center for the older adults
- Gukeng “Little Sun” Day Care Center for Older Adults
- “Bulaotang” Dongshi Day Care Service Center
- “Bulaotang” Taixi Day Care Service Center
- “Chang Tai Old School” Douli Day Care Center
- “Chang Tai Old School” Huwei Day Care Center
- “Chang Tai Old School” Baozhong Day Care Center
11.5.2. Analysis of the Second Test
11.6. Test Interview Content
11.6.1. Charging Convenience
- (1)
- Feedback 1: “It was exhausting that you have to charge it every day. It would be the best if not to do so. It may be better to change the battery type. It would be hard to promote charging once every 2–3 days because the family members would forget to do so”.
- (2)
- Feedback 2: “I would remind the teacher of the time to charge it so that the teacher would pay attention to the battery. It was a bit troublesome at first, but the teacher was getting used to it in the second month.”
11.6.2. The Condition of the Wearable Device
11.6.3. Bluetooth Card and Bluetooth Charm
- (1)
- Feedback 3: “Cards and charms are the most acceptable ones, and the rope must be tied short from the back of the neck”.
- (2)
- Feedback 4: “The charms and cards are easy to wear. The charms can be placed inside the clothes. It was the most convenient to use and did not interfere with daily life. The cards would readily hang on the chest, causing the elders a bit inconvenience when washing their hands”.
- (3)
- Feedback 5: “They would not reject when we put things in their clothes. They rather preferred smaller devices”.
11.6.4. Bluetooth Wristband
- (1)
- Feedback 6: “The cover would separate and fall off, causing the elders to be nervous”.
- (2)
- Feedback 7: “The strap of the bracelet was too small, and so I hope the bracelet can be adjustable”.
- (3)
- Feedback 8: “Some of them think this device was too tight and uncomfortable to be worn on”.
11.6.5. GPS Watch
- (1)
- Feedback 9: “Male participants preferred GPS watches because this allows them a chance to know what time it is”.
- (2)
- Feedback 10: “The GPS watch is too big and heavy, and this reminds me of its existence”.
- (3)
- Feedback 11: “Usually, if the elders have the habit of wearing watches, it is acceptable. But if they don’t, the watch should be smaller, because they think it was too big”.
11.6.6. GPS Bracelet
- (1)
- Feedback 12: “The GPS bracelet would push the white device out of the case. The older adults would touch it when washing hands”.
- (2)
- Feedback 13: “The use of hook and loop fastener as the adjustment belt makes the elders feel uncomfortable during the wearing process”.
- (3)
- Feedback 14: “Some can accept this type, and some would feel that they just do not like putting stuff on their hands”.
11.6.7. Device Background
- (1)
- Feedback 15: “LINE can be viewed on a computer, and it is easier to check on it”.
- (2)
- Feedback 16: “I do not have time to look into the APP, but I can see it when LINE shows notifications. I hope there would be (other alert devices) immediate and prominent sound and light prompts, and so the effect would be better”.
- (3)
- Feedback 17: “The positioning circle of GPS was pretty wide, which is very inaccurate, except in other counties and cities”.
12. Research Conclusions and Research Suggestions
12.1. Research Conclusions
12.2. Research Suggestions
12.2.1. “Dementia Degree” Aspect
12.2.2. “Wearable Devices” Aspect
12.2.3. “Field Setting” Aspect
12.2.4. “Gender” Aspect
12.2.5. “Interface Management”
12.3. Research Proposals
12.3.1. Statistical Calculations
12.3.2. Device Design
12.3.3. Charging Problem
12.3.4. Equipment Selection
12.3.5. Interface Management
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Stages | Early | Moderate | Advanced |
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Symptoms and behavior |
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The Number, Percentage, and Dependency Ratio of the Three-Stage Age Population in Each County and City at the End of the Year | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At the End of the Year (2019) of the Republic of China | Unit: Percentage, % | ||||||||||
District Area | Three-Stage Age Population | Year Age Point Match Hundred Point Ratio (%) | Childcare Ratio | Aged Care Ratio | Dependency Ratio | Aging Index | |||||
Total | 0–14 | 15–64 | 65+ | 0–14 | 15–64 | 65+ | |||||
total count | 23,603,121 | 3,010,351 | 16,985,643 | 3,607,127 | 12.75 | 71.96 | 15.28 | 17.72 | 21.24 | 38.96 | 119.82 |
New Taipei City | 4,018,696 | 486,253 | 2,953,932 | 578,511 | 12.10 | 73.50 | 14.40 | 16.46 | 19.58 | 36.05 | 118.97 |
Taipei City | 2,645,041 | 355,500 | 1,811,597 | 477,944 | 13.44 | 68.49 | 18.07 | 19.62 | 26.38 | 46.01 | 134.44 |
Taoyuan City | 2,249,037 | 334,572 | 1,642,117 | 272,348 | 14.88 | 73.01 | 12.11 | 20.37 | 16.59 | 36.96 | 81.40 |
Taichung City | 2,815,261 | 400,574 | 2,052,438 | 362,249 | 14.23 | 72.90 | 12.87 | 19.52 | 17.65 | 37.17 | 90.43 |
Tainan City | 1,880,906 | 227,496 | 1,357,463 | 295,947 | 12.10 | 72.17 | 15.73 | 16.76 | 21.80 | 38.56 | 130.09 |
Kaohsiung City | 2,773,198 | 328,427 | 2,006,319 | 438,452 | 11.84 | 72.35 | 15.81 | 16.37 | 21.85 | 38.22 | 133.50 |
Taiwan Province | 7,067,708 | 863,131 | 5,043,626 | 1,160,951 | 12.21 | 71.36 | 16.43 | 17.11 | 23.02 | 40.13 | 134.50 |
Yilan County | 454,178 | 53,627 | 325,380 | 75,171 | 11.81 | 71.64 | 16.55 | 16.48 | 23.10 | 39.58 | 140.17 |
Hsinchu County | 563,933 | 91,456 | 401,426 | 71,051 | 16.22 | 71.18 | 12.60 | 22.78 | 17.70 | 40.48 | 77.69 |
Miaoli County | 545,459 | 66,926 | 388,155 | 90,378 | 12.27 | 71.16 | 16.57 | 17.24 | 23.28 | 40.53 | 135.04 |
Changhua County | 1,272,802 | 163,021 | 906,565 | 203,216 | 12.81 | 71.23 | 15.97 | 17.98 | 22.42 | 40.40 | 124.66 |
Nantou County | 494,112 | 53,113 | 352,746 | 88,253 | 10.75 | 71.39 | 17.86 | 15.06 | 25.02 | 40.08 | 166.16 |
Yunlin County | 681,306 | 76,782 | 478,365 | 126,159 | 11.27 | 70.21 | 18.52 | 16.05 | 26.37 | 42.42 | 164.31 |
Chiayi County | 503,113 | 46,469 | 357,640 | 99,004 | 9.24 | 71.09 | 19.68 | 12.99 | 27.68 | 40.68 | 213.05 |
Pingtung County | 819,184 | 86,149 | 591,915 | 141,120 | 10.52 | 72.26 | 17.23 | 14.55 | 23.84 | 38.40 | 163.81 |
Taitung County | 216,781 | 25,127 | 155,418 | 36,236 | 11.59 | 71.69 | 16.72 | 16.17 | 23.32 | 39.48 | 144.21 |
Hualien County | 326,247 | 38,716 | 233,265 | 54,266 | 11.87 | 71.50 | 16.63 | 16.60 | 23.26 | 39.86 | 140.16 |
Penghu County | 105,207 | 10,893 | 76,951 | 17,363 | 10.35 | 73.14 | 16.50 | 14.16 | 22.56 | 36.72 | 159.40 |
Keelung City | 368,893 | 38,171 | 269,711 | 61,011 | 10.35 | 73.11 | 16.54 | 14.15 | 22.62 | 36.77 | 159.84 |
Hsinchu City | 448,803 | 76,713 | 315,824 | 56,266 | 17.09 | 70.37 | 12.54 | 24.29 | 17.82 | 42.11 | 73.35 |
Chiayi City | 267,690 | 35,968 | 190,265 | 41,457 | 13.44 | 71.08 | 15.49 | 18.90 | 21.79 | 40.69 | 115.26 |
Fujian Province | 153,274 | 14,398 | 118,151 | 20,725 | 9.39 | 77.08 | 13.52 | 12.19 | 17.54 | 29.73 | 143.94 |
Kinmen County | 140,185 | 12,858 | 108,178 | 19,149 | 9.17 | 77.17 | 13.66 | 11.89 | 17.70 | 29.59 | 148.93 |
Lianjiang County | 13,089 | 1540 | 9973 | 1576 | 11.77 | 76.19 | 12.04 | 15.44 | 15.80 | 31.24 | 102.34 |
Explanation: Dependency ratio refers to the dependent population (0 to 14 years old and over 65 years old) | Department of Household Affairs, Ministry of the Interior | ||||||||||
A simple measure of the support burden of the working-age population (15–64 years old). |
Title | Reference Diagram | Active Communication Method Description | Appearance Weight | Wearing Method | Operation Method | Sensing Range/Sensing Distance | Battery Life |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bluetooth card | iBeacon Bluetooth positioning device uses D+ card detection, track data upload to the cloud, can query location from computer or mobile phone, can be integrated with health insurance card, one-key SOS emergency help function, lasting use. | Card less than 25 g | Lanyard | Line or web page | Indoors & outdoors, can be sensed distance is 20–50 m, approximate location error is less than 5 m | 12 months | |
Bluetooth bracelet | iBeacon Bluetooth positioning device real-time positioning, can check location at any time, record track trajectory, safe electronic fence setting, low battery warning. | Bracelet less than 25 g | Wrist | Line or web page | Indoor & outdoor, can sense distance is 20–50 m, approximate location error is less than 5 m | 6 months | |
Bluetooth pendant | iBeacon Bluetooth positioning device provides received location information, location information history record, out of distance notification family mobile phone. | Label less than 25 g | Lanyard | Line or web page | Indoor & outdoor, can sense distance is 20–50 m, approximate location error is less than 5 m | 6 months | |
GPS wrist | GPS real-time positioning, it is more secure to track the location of the older adults, and you can know the location of the older adults in real time. APP can choose base station mode or GPS mode. | Wristband about 20 g | wrist | Exclusive APP | Outdoors, the positioning accuracy can reach 5–10 m, the approximate position error is about 50–200 m when the reception is good, and 500–1000 m when the reception is poor | Timing positioning standby time up to 4 days | |
GPS watch | GPS real-time positioning, it is more secure to track the location of the older adults, and you can know the location of the older adults in real time. | Watch about 45 g | wrist | Exclusive APP | Outdoors, the positioning accuracy can reach 5–10 m, the approximate position error is about 50–200 m when the reception is good, and 500–1000 m when the reception is poor | Standby time up to 5 days |
Gender | N | Average Value | Standard Deviation | Standard Error of Mean | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Usability experience “Simple” | Men | 27 | 2.26 | 0.813 | 0.156 |
Women | 57 | 2.33 | 0.664 | 0.088 | |
Usability experience “Relaxed” | Men | 27 | 2.56 | 0.934 | 0.180 |
Women | 57 | 2.21 | 0.725 | 0.096 | |
Usability experience “Convenient” | Men | 27 | 2.63 | 0.688 | 0.132 |
Women | 57 | 2.40 | 0.776 | 0.103 | |
Usability experience “Stable” | Men | 27 | 2.37 | 0.688 | 0.132 |
Women | 57 | 2.26 | 0.720 | 0.095 | |
Usability experience “Reliable” | Men | 27 | 2.70 | 0.542 | 0.104 |
Women | 57 | 2.54 | 0.600 | 0.079 | |
Usability experience “Safe” | Men | 27 | 2.56 | 0.698 | 0.134 |
Women | 57 | 2.46 | 0.657 | 0.087 | |
Usability experience “Useful” | Men | 27 | 2.63 | 0.688 | 0.132 |
Women | 57 | 2.44 | 0.655 | 0.087 | |
Usability experience “Lightweight” | Men | 27 | 2.19 | 0.786 | 0.151 |
Women | 57 | 2.14 | 0.854 | 0.113 | |
Usability experience “Effortless” | Men | 27 | 2.37 | 0.884 | 0.170 |
Women | 57 | 2.35 | 0.744 | 0.099 | |
Usability experience “Comfortable” | Men | 27 | 2.33 | 0.832 | 0.160 |
Women | 57 | 2.46 | 0.908 | 0.120 |
Gender | N | Average Value | Standard Deviation | Standard Error of Mean | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Usability experience “Simple” | Men | 25 | 2.64 | 0.952 | 0.190 |
Women | 50 | 2.44 | 0.577 | 0.082 | |
Usability experience “Relaxed” | Men | 25 | 2.68 | 0.802 | 0.160 |
Women | 50 | 2.44 | 0.733 | 0.104 | |
Usability experience “Convenient” | Men | 25 | 2.76 | 0.663 | 0.133 |
Women | 50 | 2.58 | 0.702 | 0.099 | |
Usability experience “Stable” | Men | 25 | 2.84 | 0.374 | 0.075 |
Women | 50 | 2.72 | 0.454 | 0.064 | |
Usability experience “Reliable” | Men | 25 | 2.84 | 0.374 | 0.075 |
Women | 50 | 2.76 | 0.431 | 0.061 | |
Usability experience “Safe” | Men | 25 | 2.84 | 0.374 | 0.075 |
Women | 50 | 2.72 | 0.454 | 0.064 | |
Usability experience “Useful” | Men | 25 | 2.80 | 0.500 | 0.100 |
Women | 50 | 2.76 | 0.591 | 0.084 | |
Usability experience “Lightweight” | Men | 25 | 2.28 | 0.542 | 0.108 |
Women | 50 | 2.48 | 0.789 | 0.112 | |
Usability experience “Effortless” | Men | 25 | 2.44 | 0.583 | 0.117 |
Women | 50 | 2.44 | 0.705 | 0.100 | |
Usability experience “Comfortable” | Men | 25 | 2.56 | 0.917 | 0.183 |
Women | 50 | 2.48 | 0.814 | 0.115 |
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Share and Cite
Hsu, C.-K.; Liu, C.-C.; Chang, T.; Liao, J.-J.; Shu, C.-M. Service Design of a Loss Prevention Device for Older Adults with Dementia. Geriatrics 2023, 8, 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics8050093
Hsu C-K, Liu C-C, Chang T, Liao J-J, Shu C-M. Service Design of a Loss Prevention Device for Older Adults with Dementia. Geriatrics. 2023; 8(5):93. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics8050093
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsu, Cheng-Kun, Cheng-Chang Liu, Tung Chang, Jing-Jing Liao, and Chi-Min Shu. 2023. "Service Design of a Loss Prevention Device for Older Adults with Dementia" Geriatrics 8, no. 5: 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics8050093
APA StyleHsu, C.-K., Liu, C.-C., Chang, T., Liao, J.-J., & Shu, C.-M. (2023). Service Design of a Loss Prevention Device for Older Adults with Dementia. Geriatrics, 8(5), 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics8050093