Hemogram Findings in Cats from an Area Endemic for Leishmania infantum and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infections
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Power and Sample Size
2.2. Study Sites, Cat Enrollment, and Clinical Classification and Sampling Procedures
2.3. Complete Blood Count
2.4. Diagnosis of L. infantum Infection
2.5. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cat Population Demographic and Clinical Data
3.2. L. infantum and Retroviral Infections
3.3. Complete Blood Count
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Unit of Measure | Reference Interval |
---|---|---|
Red blood cells | M/µL | 6.54–12.2 |
Hematocrit | % | 30.3–52.3 |
Hemoglobin | g/dL | 9.8–16.2 |
MCV | fL | 35.9–53.1 |
MCHC | g/dL | 28.1–35.8 |
Reticulocytes | K/µL | 3–50 |
Retic-Hb | pg | 13.2–20.8 |
White blood cells | K/µL | 2.87–17.02 |
Neutrophils | K/µL | 2.3–10.29 |
Lymphocytes | K/µL | 0.92–6.88 |
Monocytes | K/µL | 0.05–0.67 |
Eosinophils | K/µL | 0.17–1.57 |
Basophils | K/µL | 0.01–0.26 |
Platelets | K/µL | 151–600 |
Signalment, History, and Clinical Data | Total | Li+FIV+ | Li+FIV− | Li−FIV+ | Li−FIV− |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | |||||
Calabria | 319 (64.3) | 8/16 (50) | 42/61 (68.8) | 25/34 (73.5) | 244/385 (63.4) |
Sicily | 177 (35.7) | 8/16 (50) | 19/61 (31.1) | 9/34 (26.5) | 141/385 (36.6) |
Sex | |||||
Male | 212 (42.7) | 11/16 * (68.7) | 25/61 * (41) | 22/34 * (64.7) | 154/385 * (40) |
Female | 284 (57.3) | 5/16 (31.2) | 36/61 (59) | 12/34 (35.3) | 231/385 (60) |
Breed | |||||
DSH and mixed breed | 473 (95.4) | 16/16 (100) | 58/61 (95.1) | 34/34 (100) | 365/385 (94.8) |
Pure breed | 23 (4.6) | 0/16 | 3/61 (4.9) | 0/34 | 20/385 (5.2) |
Age group | |||||
Young | 230 (46.4) | 2/16 (12.5) | 23/61 (37.7) | 6/34 (17.6) | 199/380 (52.4) |
Adult | 182 (36.7) | 8/16 * (50) | 23/61 (37.7) | 16/34 * (47.1) | 135/380 * (35.5) |
Senior | 79 (15.9) | 6/16 * (37.5) | 15/61* (24.6) | 12/34 * (35.3) | 46/380 * (12.1) |
Not known | 5 (1) | ||||
Lifestyle | |||||
Indoor | 166 (33.5) | 3/16 (18.75) | 21/60 (35) | 9/34 (26.5) | 133/384 (34.6) |
Outdoor | 328 (66.1) | 13/16 (81.25) | 39/60 (65) | 25/34 (73.5) | 251/384 (65.4) |
Not known | 2 (0.4) | ||||
Clinical status | |||||
Apparently healthy | 94 (18.9) | 1/16 (6.25) | 8/61 (13.1) | 3/34 (8.8) | 82/385 (21.3) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 367 (74) | 15/16 (93.7) | 51/61 (83.6) | 31/34 (91.2) | 270/385 (70.1) |
Other signs | 35 (7.1) | 0/16 | 2/61 (3.3) | 0/34 | 33/385 (8.6) |
Signalment, History, and Clinical Data | p | OR | 95%CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | Li−FIV+ vs. Li+FIV− | 0.0333 | 2.64 | 1.13–6.11 |
Female | Li−FIV+ vs. Li−FIV− | 0.0063 | 2.75 | 1.33–5.60 |
Li+FIV+ vs. Li−FIV− | 0.0350 | 3.30 | 1.11–8.67 | |
Age group | ||||
Young | Li+FIV+ vs. Li−FIV− ° | 0.0190 | 5.90 | 1.42–27.83 |
Adult | Li−FIV+ vs. Li−FIV− ° | 0.0036 | 3.93 | 1.53–9.92 |
Senior | Li+FIV+ vs. Li−FIV− # | 0.0012 | 12.98 | 3.08–63.97 |
Li+FIV− vs. Li−FIV− # | 0.0095 | 2.82 | 1.34–5.87 | |
Li−FIV+ vs. Li-FIV−# | <0.0001 | 8.65 | 3.09–23.97 |
CBC Parameters | Li+FIV+ | Li+FIV− | Li−FIV+ | Li−FIV− |
---|---|---|---|---|
Red blood cells (M/µL) | 7.92 | 7.39 * | 7.17 * | 8.31 * |
(4–9.75) | (3.78–11.81) | (2.03–17.41) | (2.42–16.78) | |
[5.49–9.08] | [5.92–9.02] | [6.01–8.9] | [7.11–9.38] | |
Hematocrit (%) | 30.45 | 31.4 | 32.85 | 34.4 |
(16–41.1) | (14.8–49.7) | (9.8–73.4) | (10.1–82.4) | |
[22.95–36.5] | [26.95–36.75] | [25.78–38.68] | [29.15–38.6] | |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.65 | 10.5 | 10.1 * | 11.3 * |
(6.3–12.6) | (4.8–16.3) | (3.4–22.4) | (3.4–22.8) | |
[7.65–12.38] | [8.2–12.1] | [8.5–11.35] | [9.5–12.85] | |
MCV (fL) | 39.8 | 40.8 | 42.6 | 40.8 |
(34–58) | (32.9–61.4) | (31–61.6) | (24.9–64.1) | |
[38.05–42.03] | [39.1–42.8] | [37.08–49.93] | [37.8–43.75] | |
MCHC (g/dL) | 34 * | 33.9 * | 30.65 * | 33.4 * |
(30.2–47.8) | (26.5–40.2) | (26–42.3) | (14.1–68.5) | |
[32.23–36.55] | [31.6–34.85] | [28.85–34.23] | [31.1–34.9] | |
White blood cells (K/µL) | 12.48 | 11.87 | 13.72 | 11.77 |
(4.24–25.9) | (3.4–56.85) | (7.19–32.01) | (0.1–74.96) | |
[8.13–16.31] | [8.61–16.46] | [9.95–19.58] | [8.42–16.26] | |
Neutrophils (K/µL) | 7.91 | 6.57 | 8.34 | 6.85 |
(2.07–19.86) | (1.42–41.1) | (2.98–27.85) | (0.02–70.92) | |
[4.86–11.4] | [4.3–10.43] | [5.89–12] | [4.51–10.88] | |
Lymphocytes (K/µL) | 2.68 | 3.24 | 3.11 | 2.96 |
(0.72–8.5) | (0.76–11.75) | (0.14–13.14) | (0.05–14.12) | |
[1.85–4.91] | [2.43–4.29] | [2.12–4.24] | [2.15–4.32] | |
Monocytes (K/µL) | 0.52 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.37 |
(0.12–1.07) | (0.06–5.39) | (0–1.68) | (0–52) | |
[0.28–0.87] | [0.28–0.81] | [0.34–0.75] | [0.25–0.56] | |
Eosinophils (K/µL) | 0.48 | 0.69 | 0.59 | 0.64 |
(0–0.95) | (0–4.15) | (0–2) | (0–7.47) | |
[0.16–0.58] | [0.37–0.93] | [0.2–0.9] | [0.36–0.96] | |
Basophils (K/µL) | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
(0–0.07) | (0–0.31) | (0–0.18) | (0–0.63) | |
[0.01–0.04] | [0.04–0.1] | [0.02–0.08] | [0.03–0.09] | |
Platelets (K/µL) | 367 | 297 | 336.5 | 276 |
(151–641) | (3–670) | (9–1051) | (0–844) | |
[224–525] | [212–407.5] | [227–496.3] | [172–376] |
CBC Parameters | p |
---|---|
Red blood cells (M/ µL) | Li+FIV− vs. Li−FIV− = 0.0248 Li−FIV+ vs. Li-FIV− = 0.0392 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | Li−FIV+ vs. Li−FIV− = 0.0249 Li+FIV− vs. Li−FIV− = 0.0086 ° |
MCHC (g/dL) | Li−FIV+ vs. Li+FIV+ = 0.0486 Li−FIV+ vs. Li+FIV− = 0.0418 Li−FIV+ vs. Li−FIV− = 0.0168 |
Type of Anemia | Li+FIV+ | Li+FIV− | Li−FIV+ | Li−FIV− |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mild | 4/6 (66.7) | 14/20 (70) | 11/15 (73.3) | 97/110 (88.2) |
Moderate | 2/6 (33.3) | 6/20 * (30) | 1/15 (6.7) | 10/110 * (9.1) |
Severe | 0/6 | 0/20 | 3/15 * (20) | 3/110 * (2.7) |
Non-regenerative | 6/6 (100) | 15/20 (75) | 12/15 (80) | 102/110 (92.7) |
Regenerative | 0/6 | 5/20 (25) | 3/15 (20) | 6/110 (5.4) |
Missing data | 0/6 | 0 | 0/15 | 2/110 (1.8) |
Microcytic hypochromic | 0/6 | 0/20 | 0/15 | 0/110 |
Microcytic normochromic | 0/6 | 2/20 (10) | 3/15 (20) | 17/110 (15.4) |
Normocytic hypochromic | 0/6 | 2/20 (10) | 1/15 (6.7) | 4/110 (3.6) |
Normocytic normochromic | 4/6 (66.7) | 14/20 (70) | 5/15 (33.3) | 68/110 (61.8) |
Macrocytic hypochromic | 0/6 | 0/20 | 3/15 (20) | 3/110 (2.7) |
Macrocytic normochromic | 0/6 | 0/20 | 1/15 (6.7) | 1/110 (0.9) |
Microcytic ° | 1/6 (16.7) | 1/20 (5) | 1/15 (6.7) | 10/110 (9.1) |
Normocytic ° | 1/6 (16.7) | 1/20 (5) | 1/15 (6.7) | 7/110 (6.4) |
Type of Anemia | p | OR | 95%CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mild | Li+FIV− vs. Li−FIV− ° | 0.0206 | 4.16 | 1.21–13.65 |
Moderate | ||||
Severe | Li−FIV+ vs. Li−FIV− # | 0.0240 | 8.82 | 1.82–40.03 |
Hypochromic | Li−FIV+ vs. Li−FIV− | 0.0282 | 5.46 | 1.52–19.48 |
Normochromic | ||||
Microcytic | Li−FIV+ vs. Li−FIV− ^ | 0.0058 | 11.29 | 2.68–43.78 |
Normocytic | ||||
Macrocytic | Li−FIV+ vs. Li−FIV− & | 0.0410 | 6.75 | 1.38–38.52 |
CBC Abnormalities | Total § | Li+FIV+ # | Li+FIV− # | Li−FIV+ # | Li−FIV− # |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anemia | 151/496 (30.4) | 6/16 (37.5) | 20/60 (33.3) | 15/33 (45.4) | 110/382 (28.8) |
Erythrocytosis | 5/496 (1) | 0/10 | 1/41 (2.4) | 1/19 (5.3) | 3/275 (1.1) |
Leukopenia | 3/493 (0.6) | 0/13 | 0/47 | 0/23 | 3/298 (1) |
Leukocytosis | 112/493 (22.7) | 3/16 (18.7) | 14/61 (22.9) | 11/34 (32.3) | 84/379 (22.2) |
Neutropenia | 26/492 (5.3) | 1/10 (10) | 3/45 (6.7) | 0/22 | 22/280 (7.9) |
Neutrophilia | 135/492 (27.4) | 6/15 (40) | 16/58 (27.6) | 12/34 (35.3) | 101/359 (28.1) |
Lymphopenia | 22/492 (4.5) | 2/16 (12.5) | 1/60 (1.7) | 2/31 (6.4) | 17/373 (4.6) |
Lymphocytosis | 12/492 (2.4) | 0/14 | 1/60 (1.7) | 3/32 (9.4) | 8/364 (2.2) |
Monocytosis | 94/492 (19.1) | 5/16 (31.2) | 21/61 * (34.4) | 9/32 (28.1) | 59/368 * (16) |
Eosinopenia | 53/489 (10.8) | 4/15 (26.7) | 6/54 (11.1) | 6/32 (18.7) | 37/345 (10.7) |
Eosinophilia | 43/489 (8.8) | 0/11 | 7/55 (12.7) | 1/27 (3.7) | 35/343 (10.2) |
Basophilia | 11/489 (2.2) | 0/14 | 1/59 (1.7) | 0/30 | 10/336 (3) |
Thrombocytopenia | 34/471 (7.2) | 0/9 | 4/53 (7.5) | 1/29 (3.4) | 29/363 (8) |
Thrombocytosis | 17/471 (3.6) | 2/11 * (18.2) | 4/53 (7.5) | 3/31 (9.7) | 8/342 * (2.3) |
Polychromasia | 11/411 (2.7) | 0/8 | 2/48 (4.2) | 2/29 (6.9) | 7/326 (2.1) |
Poykilocytosis | 6/411 (1.4) | 0/8 | 0/48 | 0/29 | 6/326 (1.8) |
Acanthocytes | 2/411 (0.5) | 0/8 | 1/48 (2.1) | 0/29 | 1/326 (0.3) |
Keratocytes | 2/411 (0.5) | 0/8 | 0/48 | 0/29 | 2/326 (0.6) |
Spherocytes | 4/411 (1) | 0/8 | 0/48 | 0/29 | 4/322 (1.2) |
Ghost cells | 3/411 (0.7) | 0/8 | 0/48 | 0/29 | 3/326 (0.9) |
Knizocytes | 1/411 (0.2) | 0/8 | 0/48 | 0/29 | 1/326 (0.3) |
Ovalocytes | 2/411 (0.5) | 0/8 | 0/48 | 0/29 | 2/326 (0.6) |
Dacryocytes | 3/411 (0.7) | 0/8 | 0/48 | 0/29 | 3/326 (0.9) |
Schistocytes | 1/411 (0.2) | 0/8 | 0/48 | 0/29 | 1/326 (0.3) |
Heinz bodies | 1/411 (0.2) | 0/8 | 0/48 | 0/29 | 1/326 (0.3) |
Howell–Jolly bodies | 24/411 (5.8) | 0/8 | 3/48 (6.2) | 2/29 (6.9) | 19/326 (5.8) |
Nucleated erythrocytes | 15/411 (3.6) | 0/8 | 3/48 (6.2) | 3/29 (10.3) | 9/326 (2.8) |
Morphologically activated monocytes | 18/411 (4.4) | 1/7 (14.3) | 5/47 * (10.6) | 3/29 (10.3) | 9/328 * (2.7) |
Inflammatory leukogram | 78/411 (19) | 2/7 (28.6) | 10/47 (21.3) | 12/29 * (41.4) | 54/328 * (16.5) |
CBC Abnormalities | p | OR | 95%CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Monocytosis | Li+FIV− vs. Li−FIV− | 0.0013 | 2.75 | 1.51–4.91 |
Thrombocytosis | Li+FIV+ vs. Li−FIV− | 0.03470 | 9.28 | 1.75–40.41 |
Morphologically activated monocytes | Li+FIV− vs. Li−FIV− | 0.0209 | 4.22 | 1.51–12.90 |
Inflammatory leukogram | Li−FIV+ vs. Li−FIV− | 0.0230 | 3.58 | 1.58–8.03 |
Hematological Abnormalities and Cat Clinical Classification | Li+FIV+ | Li+FIV− | Li−FIV+ | Li−FIV− |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anemia (151) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 1/6 (16.7) | 2/20 (10) | 0/15 | 18/110 (16.4) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 5/6 (83.3) | 18/20 (90) | 15/15 (100) | 85/110 (77.3) |
Other signs | 0/6 | 0/20 | 0/15 | 7/110 (6.4) |
Erythrocytosis (5) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 0/0 | 1/1(100) | 0/0 | 0/4 |
Signs compatible with FeL | 0/0 | 0/1 | 1/1(100) | 3/3(100) |
Other signs | 0/0 | 0/1 | 0/0 | 0/3 |
Neutropenia (26) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 1/1 (100) | 0/3 | 0/0 | 5/22(22.7) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 0/1 | 3/3(100) | 0/0 | 15/22(68.2) |
Other signs | 0/1 | 0/3 | 0/0 | 2/22 (9.1) |
Neutrophilia (135) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 0/6 | 3/16 (18.75) | 0/12 | 14/101 (13.9) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 6/6 (100) | 13/16 (81.25) | 12/12 (100) | 83/101 (82.2) |
Other signs | 0/6 | 0/16 | 0/12 | 4/101 (4) |
Lymphopenia (22) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 0/2 | 0/1 | 0/2 | 2/17 (11.8) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 2/2 (100) | 1/1 (100) | 2/2 (100) | 14/17 (82.3) |
Other signs | 0/2 | 0/1 | 0/2 | 1/17 (5.9) |
Lymphocytosis (12) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 0/0 | 1/1 (100) | 0/3 | 2/8 (25) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 0/0 | 0/1 | 3/3 (100) | 6/8 (75) |
Other signs | 0/0 | 0/1 | 0/0 | 0/0 |
Monocytosis (94) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 0/5 | 3/21 (14.3) | 0/9 | 13/59 (22) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 5/5 (100) | 18/21 (85.7) | 9/9 (100) | 42/59 (71.2) |
Other signs | 0/5 | 0/21 | 0/9 | 4/59 (6.8) |
Eosinopenia (53) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 1/4 (25) | 0/6 | 0/6 | 3/37 (8.1) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 3/4 (75) | 6/6 (100) | 6/6 (100) | 32/37 (86.5) |
Other signs | 0/4 | 0/6 | 0/6 | 2/37 (5.4) |
Eosinophilia (43) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 0/0 | 1/7 (14.3) | 0/1 | 9/35 (25.7) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 0/0 | 6/7 (85.7) | 1/1 (100) | 25/35 (71.4) |
Other signs | 0/0 | 0/7 | 0/1 | 1/35 (2.9) |
Basophilia (11) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 0/0 | 1/1 (100) | 0/0 | 1/10 (10) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 0/0 | 0/1 | 0/0 | 9/10 (90) |
Other signs | 0/0 | 0/1 | 0/0 | 0/0 |
Thrombocytopenia (34) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 0/0 | 0/4 | 1/1 (100) | 9/29 (31) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 0/0 | 4/4 (100) | 0/1 | 20/29 (69) |
Other signs | 0/0 | 0/4 | 0/1 | 0/29 |
Thrombocytosis (17) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 0/2 | 2/4 (50) | 0/3 | 3/8 (37.5) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 2/2 (100) | 2/4 (50) | 3/3 (100) | 5/8 (62.5) |
Other signs | 0/2 | 0/4 | 0/3 | 0/8 |
Howell–Jolly bodies (24) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 0/0 | 0/2 | 0/3 | 1/19 (5.3) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 0/0 | 2/2 (100) | 3/3 (100) | 17/19 (89.5) |
Other signs | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | 1/19 (5.3) |
Nucleated erythrocytes (15) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 0/0 | 0/3 | 1/3 (33.3) | 0/9 |
Signs compatible with FeL | 0/0 | 3/3 (100) | 2/3 (66.7) | 7/9 (77.8) |
Other signs | 0/0 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 2/9 (22.2) |
Morphologically activated monocytes (18) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 0/1 | 2/5 (40) | 1/3 (33.3) | 2/9 (22.2) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 1/1 (100) | 3/5 (60) | 2/3 (67.7) | 6/9 (66.7) |
Other signs | 0/1 | 0/5 | 0/3 | 1/9 (11.1) |
Inflammatory leukogram (78) | ||||
Apparently healthy | 0/2 | 1/10 (10) | 1/12 (8.3) | 7/54 (13) |
Signs compatible with FeL | 2/2 (100) | 9/10 (90) | 11/12 (91.7) | 44/54 (81.5) |
Other signs | 0/2 | 0/10 | 0/12 | 3/54 (5.5) |
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Masucci, M.; Donato, G.; Persichetti, M.F.; Priolo, V.; Castelli, G.; Bruno, F.; Pennisi, M.G. Hemogram Findings in Cats from an Area Endemic for Leishmania infantum and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infections. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090508
Masucci M, Donato G, Persichetti MF, Priolo V, Castelli G, Bruno F, Pennisi MG. Hemogram Findings in Cats from an Area Endemic for Leishmania infantum and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infections. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(9):508. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090508
Chicago/Turabian StyleMasucci, Marisa, Giulia Donato, Maria Flaminia Persichetti, Vito Priolo, Germano Castelli, Federica Bruno, and Maria Grazia Pennisi. 2022. "Hemogram Findings in Cats from an Area Endemic for Leishmania infantum and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infections" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 9: 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090508