Influence of Dietary Supplementation with Boswellia serrata and Salix alba on Performance and Blood Biochemistry in Free-Range Leghorn Laying Hens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals, Study Design and Sampling
2.2. Management and Feeding
2.3. Leghorn Hens’ Performance
2.4. Mortality and Behaviour Observations
2.5. Health Checks
2.6. Serum Biochemistry
2.7. Serology for the Detection of Anti-Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Antibodies
2.8. Heterophils and Lymphocytes (H/L ratio) Percentages Assessment by Flow Cytometry
2.9. IgA Determination from Cloacal Swab and Serum
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Leghorn Hens’ Performance
3.2. Mortality, Behaviour Observations and Health Checks
3.3. Serum Biochemistry
3.4. Anti-IBV Antibody Titers
3.5. Heterophils and Lymphocytes (H/L) Ratio
3.6. IgA Concentration in Faecal Swabs and Serum Samples
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | Values of Nutrients (%/kg of Finisher Diet) | Additives (mg/kg; IU; OTU/kg) | Complementary Feed Composition (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Corn; Corn gluten flour; Soybeans meal (* CP 43%); Calcium carbonate; roasted Soybeans; Rice husk; Corn gluten; Wheat bran; Soybean oil | CP, 17%; ** CF, 5%; *** CF, 3.51%; ! Cash, 13.27%; ǂ Ca, 4.02%; ǂǂ P, 0.58%; ≠ NaCl, 0.15%; + Ly, 0.85%; $ Met: 0.33%. | Vitamin A, 9950 IU; Vitamin D3, 2701 IU; Vitamin E, 38 mg; Vitamin K3, 2 mg; Vitamin B1, 1.5 mg; Vitamin B2, 4.5 mg; Vitamin B6, 2.5 mg; Vitamin B12, 0.008 mg; niacin, 35 mg; Ca-D-pantotenate, 10 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; biotin, 0.1 mg; betaine hydrochloride, 250 mg; Cu, 5 mg; anhydrous calcium iodate, 0.50 mg; Mn, 50 mg; Se, 0.075 mg; Zn, 40 mg; Cantaxantine, 2 mg; promoters of digestion 6-phytase, 213 OTU; DL-Methionine, 627 mg | Calcium carbonate, 74.5%; Colloidal silica, 15%; Salix & DE, 5%; Boswellia & DE, 5%; Sodium chloride, 0.35%; Magnesium carbonate, 0.15% |
Parameters | T | C | p-Value (KWt) |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± DS | Mean ± DS | ||
Kg/BW 1°P (1–7 week) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | p > 0.749 |
Kg/BW 2°P (8–12 week) | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | p > 0.601 |
Kg/BW 3°P (13–19 week) ” | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 1.8 ± 0.0 | * p < 0.004 |
FI 1°P (1–7 week) ** | 71.9 ± 18.5 | 70.2 ± 17.6 | p > 0.100 |
FI 2°P (8–12 week) | 115.8 ± 16.8 | 109.5 ± 16.9 | p > 0.077 |
FI 3°P (13–19 week) | 139.8 ± 8.3 | 139.4 ± 8.9 | p > 0.970 |
FI (1–19 week) | 108.3 ± 33.2 | 105.3 ± 33.4 | p > 0.516 |
WI 1°P (1–7 week) *** | 140.1 ± 35.5 | 125.6 ± 38.2 | * p < 0.013 |
WI 2°P (8–12 week) | 208.5 ± 46.3 | 163.0 ± 46.6 | * p < 0.000 |
WI 3°P (13–19 week) | 251.4 ± 32.0 | 251.2 ± 34.1 | p > 0.929 |
WI (1–19 week) | 198.7 ± 61.2 | 181.2 ± 67.7 | * p < 0.013 |
FCR (1–7 week) ! | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | p > 0.609 |
Feed Efficiency (8–19 week) £ | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 1.7 | p > 0.508 |
Egg mass (2–12 week/laying) # | 50.1 ± 10.7 | 46.3 ± 15.0 | p > 0.921 |
n° eggs/day/lay (1–12 week/laying) | 46.6 ± 17.9 | 44.4 ± 18.0 | p > 0.246 |
n° total egg/group (1–12 week/laying) | 3924 | 3559 | p > 0.068 |
Mean DR% (2–12 week/laying) $ | 83.4 ± 26.6 | 75.3 ± 31.8 | p > 0.418 |
Egg weigth (n = 20/group) (3–12 week/laying) & | 59.9 ± 2.5 | 61.0 ± 3.4 | * p < 0.000 |
Serum Analytes | t0 | t1 | t2 | t3 | From Reference § | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | T | C | T | C | T | C | T | ||
AST (U/L) | 270 ± 40.0 | 243 ± 21.94 | 216 ± 20.4 | 207 ± 12.5 | 221 ± 25.8 | 207 ± 17.7 | 214 ± 16.3 | 217 ± 25.1 | 118–298 [30] |
ALT (U/L) | 1.25 ± 0.46 | 1.71 ± 0.76 | 1.88 ± 0.64 | 2.50 ± 0.93 | 1.57 ± 0.53 | 1.38 ± 0.52 | 1.63 ± 0.74 | 2.88 ± 1.25 | 25.2 ± 7.77 [31] |
ALP (U/L) | 1159 ± 310 | 1510 ± 367 | 713 ± 182 | 673 ± 98.5 | 730 ± 167 | 595 ± 209 | 480 ± 206 | 552 ± 236 | 407 ± 39.84 [31] |
Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.17 | 0.88 ± 0.68 | 0.34 ± 0.17 | 0.34 ± 0.32 | 0.34 ± 0.17 | 0.51 ± 0.34 | 0.51 ± 0.51 | -- |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.42 ± 0.17 | 3.16 ± 0.35 | 2.98 ± 0.17 | 2.92 ± 0.31 | 3.19 ± 0.55 | 3.00 ± 0.71 | 2.98 ± 0.74 | 3.32 ± 0.62 | 3.37 ± 0.35 [31] |
Triglycerides (g/L) | 1.05 ± 0.49 | 0.90 ± 0.21 | 1.29 ± 0.19 | 1.15 ± 0.10 | 12.6 ± 3.38 | 12.6 ± 4.63 | 12.29 ± 5.94 | 17.36 ± 3.46 | 13.6 ± 3.56 [31] |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 12.9 ± 1.23 * | 14.3 ± 0.74 * | 8.63 ± 0.79 | 9.35 ± 1.21 | 10.78 ± 0.49 | 11.2 ± 1.32 | 7.20 ± 1.72 | 7.70 ± 1.96 | 9.41–13.6 [30] |
Total proteins (g/L) | 42.7 ± 3.13 | 39.3 ± 2.92 | 48.4 ± 3.62 | 46.2 ± 4.11 | 48.7 ± 4.85 | 46.8 ± 4.29 | 45.9 ± 3.40 | 48.3 ± 4.09 | 39–70 [30] |
Albumin (g/L) | 16.3 ± 1.03 * | 15.0 ± 0.80 * | 19.2 ± 1.19 | 18.4 ± 1.46 | 18.7 ± 1.10 * | 17.5 ± 0.75 * | 18.3 ± 0.82 | 18.8 ± 0.84 | 15.0–33.0 [30] |
Globulins (g/L) | 25.8 ± 1.85 | 26.2 ± 4.92 | 29.2 ± 2.58 | 27.8 ± 3.17 | 30.0 ± 4.01 | 29.2 ± 4.15 | 27.7 ± 2.70 | 29.5 ± 3.34 | 16.0–43.0 [30] |
Albumin/ Globulins | 0.65 ± 0.06 | 0.61 ± 0.05 | 0.66 ± 0.03 | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 0.63 ± 0.06 | 0.61 ± 0.07 | 0.67 ± 0.05 | 0.64 ± 0.05 | -- |
P (mmol/L) | 1.78 ± 0.32 | 1.53 ± 0.19 | 2.01 ± 0.18 | 1.92 ± 0.23 | 2.01 ± 0.17 | 2.07 ± 0.21 | 2.17 ± 0.37 | 2.33± 0.42 | 0.52- 2.33 [30] |
Ca (mmol/L) | 2.65 ± 0.34 | 2.98 ± 0.20 | 2.70 ± 0.21 | 2.46 ± 0.43 | 6.10 ± 0.41 | 6.40 ± 0.63 | 6.75 ± 0.10 | 7.25 ± 0.64 | > 2.73 [30] |
Uric acid (mmol/L) | 0.30 ± 0.06 | 0.28 ± 0.06 | 0.42 ± 0.08 | 0.39 ± 0.08 | 0.37 ± 0.11 | 0.33 ± 0.09 | 0.39 ± 0.12 | 0.30 ± 0.12 | 0.05–0.53 [30] |
IgA (g/L) | 0.72 ± 0.22 | 0.83 ± 0.09 | 0.70 ± 0.01 | 0.71 ± 0.08 | 0.70 ± 0.00 | 0.65 ± 0.03 | 0.63 ± 0.00 | 0.51 ± 0.25 | -- |
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Guerrini, A.; Dalmonte, T.; Lupini, C.; Andreani, G.; Salaroli, R.; Quaglia, G.; Zannoni, A.; Scozzoli, M.; Forni, M.; Isani, G. Influence of Dietary Supplementation with Boswellia serrata and Salix alba on Performance and Blood Biochemistry in Free-Range Leghorn Laying Hens. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9040182
Guerrini A, Dalmonte T, Lupini C, Andreani G, Salaroli R, Quaglia G, Zannoni A, Scozzoli M, Forni M, Isani G. Influence of Dietary Supplementation with Boswellia serrata and Salix alba on Performance and Blood Biochemistry in Free-Range Leghorn Laying Hens. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(4):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9040182
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuerrini, Alessandro, Thomas Dalmonte, Caterina Lupini, Giulia Andreani, Roberta Salaroli, Giulia Quaglia, Augusta Zannoni, Maurizio Scozzoli, Monica Forni, and Gloria Isani. 2022. "Influence of Dietary Supplementation with Boswellia serrata and Salix alba on Performance and Blood Biochemistry in Free-Range Leghorn Laying Hens" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 4: 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9040182