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Article

Immune and Genomic Analysis of Boxer Dog Breed and Its Relationship with Leishmania infantum Infection

by
Luis Álvarez
1,
Pablo-Jesús Marín-García
1,
Pilar Rentero-Garrido
1,2 and
Lola Llobat
1,*
1
Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46010 Valencia, Spain
2
Precision Medicine Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110608
Submission received: 8 September 2022 / Revised: 19 October 2022 / Accepted: 1 November 2022 / Published: 2 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasitology Research: Surveillance Pathogens and Its Mechanism)
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Abstract

:

Simple Summary

Leishmaniosis is a zoonotic disease, endemic in 88 countries, including those from the Mediterranean region. Several authors indicate differences in susceptibility and resistance to leishmaniosis in different canine breeds, with boxer being one of the breeds with a higher prevalence of the disease. This study analyzes the serum profiles of cytokines related to the immune response, together with the screening of genomic variants fixed in boxer breed samples, to understand their differential susceptibility to L. infantum infection. The results of this study indicate new pathways related to L. infantum infection and immune response in boxers, involving genes related to interleukin and toll-like receptors, as well as to the immune system and the regulation of expression. Future studies are required to elucidate the role of specific genes in the L. infantum infection mechanism in this canine breed.

Abstract

Leishmaniosis, one of the most important zoonoses in Europe, is caused by Leishmania infantum, an intracellular protozoan parasite. This disease is endemic in the Mediterranean area, where the main reservoir is the dog. Several studies indicate a possible susceptibility to L. infantum infection with clinical signs in some canine breeds. One of them is the boxer breed, which shows a high prevalence of disease. In this study, immunological and genomic characterization of serum samples from boxer dogs living in the Mediterranean area were evaluated to analyze the immune response and the possible genetic explanation for this susceptibility. Serum levels of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18 were determined by ELISA commercial tests, while the genotyping study was performed using the CanineHD DNA Analysis BeadChip. The results show relevant differences in the serum levels of cytokines compared to published data on other canine breeds, as well as sequence changes that could explain the high susceptibility of the boxer breed to the disease. Concretely, polymorphic variants in the CIITA, HSF2BP, LTBP1, MITF, NOXA1, PKIB, RAB38, RASEF, TLE1, and TLR4 genes were found, which could explain the susceptibility of this breed to L. infantum infection.

1. Introduction

The boxer, or Deutscher boxer, is a canine breed officially recognized by The Kennel Club [1]. It was firstly internationally recognized in 1955 by the “Federation Cynologique Internationale” (FCI-AISBL) with the breed standard number 144, classified in group 2—Section 1 (Mollosoid breeds, mastiff type—with working trial), and the breed had an official valid standard from 2008 [2]. As reported by The Kennel club and FCI, the boxer is a descendant of the Bullenbeisser, a German breed, which was used to hunt bear, boar, and deer until the 19th century. According to The Kennel Club, the physical characteristics of boxer dogs are height of 22.5–25 and 21–23 inches in males and females, respectively, and weight between 66–70 (males) to 55–60 (females) pounds, and the mean of life expectancy is around 10 years [3] (Figure 1).
This canine breed seems to be particularly resistant to several metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus [4], whereas it presents a higher prevalence of other diseases, such as congenital heart disease (12.86% prevalence) [5], genetic heart disease as the familiar ventricular arrhythmias, an autosomal dominant condition with varied penetrance inheritance [6], granulomatous colitis, a severe form of inflammatory bowel disease [7], and hematopoietic diseases such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma [8] or T-cell lymphomas [9]. This last has been linked in boxers with Phosphate and Tensin Homolog (PTEN) and Special AT-rich Sequence Binding protein 1 (SATB1) gene mutations [10,11]. These genes are also related to immune response, as PTEN is a relevant protein in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, antiviral and T-cell response [12,13], and SATB1 is a chromatic organizer essential for controlling genes participating in T-cell development and activation [14] and essential for Th2 cytokine expression [15]. Multiple studies related these genes with immune response to parasitic infections, including Echinococcus granulosus, Trypanosoma cruzi, Schistosoma japonicum, and Leishmania spp. [16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. In fact, several authors cited a higher prevalence of Leishmania spp. infection in boxer than in other canine breeds [23,24]. Leishmaniosis is a parasitic disease caused by different genera of Leishmania, including L. infantum. The most common clinical manifestations of canine leishmaniosis are generalized lymphadenomegaly, loss of body weight, decreased or increased appetite, lethargy, mucous membrane pallor, splenomegaly, polyuria and polydipsia, fever, vomiting and diarrhea [25]. This last is the most prevalent causal agent of leishmaniosis infection in the Mediterranean region, which is transmitted by the sandfly Phlebotomus perniciosus. This zoonotic disease is endemic in 88 countries and is considered the most relevant vector-borne disease in the Mediterranean region (Figure 2), affecting between 63 and 80% of the domestic dog population [25,26,27].
The global seroprevalence in domestic dogs in Spain was estimated at 10.12% [29], whereas in the boxer breed, the prevalence reached 39.13%, being one of the canine breeds most affected [23]. Genomic analysis to date pointed out that several polymorphisms could be related to resistance or susceptibility to canine leishmaniosis. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the canine β-defensin-1 (CBD1) gene have been associated with L. infantum infection in dogs from Italy [30]. Two polymorphisms in the canine Slc11a1 gene, one intronic single SNP and one silent SNP in exon 8 were associated with an increased risk of canine visceral leishmaniosis [31]. Recently, a meta-analysis related some genetic variants of this gene with the infectious disease response in humans [32] and, concretely, with leishmaniosis [33]. In boxers, the haplotype TAG-8-141 in the Slc11a1 gene has been associated with this disease [34].
This work carried out an immunological and genetic characterization of boxer breed samples to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of immune response related to L. infantum infection.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Ethical Approval

The experiments involving animals were conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of the Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU, with code 2020/VSC/PEA/0216.

2.2. Animals and Epidemiological Data

A total of 31 serum samples of boxer breed dogs living in the Valencia Community region (Eastern Spain, Mediterranean region) were obtained for the study, along with epidemiological data from October 2021 to May 2022. The following epidemiological data were recovered for all animals: sex (male or female), age (puppies—less than 1 year old, young—between 1 and 5 years old, adults—between 5 and 10 years old, and elder—more than 10 years old), official vaccination status, leishmaniosis vaccination status, external deworming status and type, living conditions, type of feeding, and L. infantum infection status. If the infection was present, the clinical manifestation status was also collected.

2.3. Samples Collection and Cytokine Levels

Ten milliliters of whole blood were drawn by cephalic venipuncture with Vacutainer tubes without anticoagulant. Samples were maintained at room temperature to obtain serum aliquots, which were stored at −20 °C until processing. Serological testing for detection of specific L. infantum antibodies was performed using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for anti-Leishmania specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies (MegaFLUO® LEISH, Megacor Diagnostik GmbH, Hörbranz, Austria). Samples were considered seropositive with IFAT titer ≥ 1/80, following the manufacturer’s instructions [35]. The whole blood samples were used for DNA extraction before 24 h to recovery.
The IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, (Canine IL-2 ELISA kit, Canine IL-6 ELISA kit, Canine IL-8 ELISA kit, and Canine IFN-γ ELISA kit, Invitrogen, respectively), and IL-18 (Canine IL-18 ELISA kit, Mybiosource) levels were measured in serum samples by a commercial ELISA kit method following the manufacturer’s recommendations. In brief, 50 µL of serum was used for the analysis with sandwich ELISA. The microplate was pre-coated with an antibody specific to cytokines. Samples were added to the microplate wells and combined with the specific antibody. Then, a biotinylated detection antibody specific to each cytokine and avidin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate were added successively to each microplate well and incubated. Free components were washed away. The substrate solution was added to each well. The enzyme–substrate reaction was determined by the optical density (OD) and measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450 nm in a Victor-X3™ plate reader (Perkin Elmer®, Waltham, MA, USA). The concentration of each cytokine was calculated by comparing the OD of the samples to the standard curve.

2.4. DNA Extraction and Whole Genome Analysis

Genomic DNA (gDNA) from 24 boxer samples was isolated using a QIAamp DNA Blood Kit following the manufacturer’s protocol (QIAamp; Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). DNA was quantified using the Glomax® Discover Fluorimeter (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and the QuantiFluor® dsDNA Kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). gDNA concentrations for all samples were a minimum of 50 ng/µL. DNA samples were whole-genome amplified for 20–24 h at 37 °C, fragmented, precipitated and resuspended in an appropriate hybridization buffer.
Samples were genotyped using the CanineHD DNA Analysis BeadChip WG-440-1001 (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) and hybridized on the prepared BeadChips for 16–24 h at 48 °C. Following the hybridization, nonspecifically hybridized samples were removed by washing, while the remaining specifically hybridized loci were processed for the single-base extension reaction, stained, and imaged on an Illumina iScan Reader. GenomeStudio 2.0.5 (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) was used to process data generated from the iScan system for subsequent analysis, according to manufacturer guidelines. Intensity data were loaded into the Genotyping Module for primary data analysis, including raw data normalization, clustering and genotype calling.
SNPs on sex chromosomes and with a call rate <95% were discarded using PLINK v1.90b6.22 software [36,37,38,39]. The final data set included 165,480 mapped positions in 24 boxer samples with a mean genotyping rate of 0.988.

2.5. Analysis of Polymorphisms Related to Immune Response

The allelic status of previously published polymorphisms and genomic regions described to be related to the immune response to L. infantum infection in dogs [31,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47] was interrogated in the analyzed samples.
PLINK v1.90b6.22 software was used to extract variants from the selected genome regions, encompassing 38 genes, according to the mapping information of the Canis lupus familiaris genome assembly CanFam3.1., and to calculate allele frequencies. Polymorphisms were considered as fixed in the boxer samples when presenting frequencies above 0.7. Detected polymorphisms were annotated using NCBI refseqs, release 105. The rsID information was downloaded and annotated from the European Variation Archive EVA release 3 corresponding to the CanFam3.1 assembly.

3. Results

Of the 31 samples, 17 were males and mainly adult (14) or young (10), and 28 were fed with commercial feed (Table 1).
Only one of the analyzed dogs did not present the regulatory vaccination, and the majority were not vaccinated against Leishmania (83.87%). Related to lifestyle, only two dogs did not live with other animals, and all of the animals were kept outdoors and used external deworming. Likewise, one boxer presented positive results for antibodies against Leishmania with the IFAT technique (1/320), whereas two presented a 1/80 titer. None of the animals presented clinical signs during the study. Serum cytokine levels were analyzed. The concentration values of analyzed cytokines were 0.22 ± 0.14 ng/mL for IFN-γ, 68.57 ± 12.09 ng/mL for IL-2, 0.62 ± 0.23 ng/mL for IL-6, 263.75 ± 152.73 pg/mL for IL-8, and 43.08 ± 7.09 ng/mL for IL-18 (Table 2).
The genomic data did not show differential variants in the analyzed cytokine encoding genes. However, several genes presented SNPs fixed in the boxer population analyzed. Concretely, 20 intronic variants were found in Latent Transforming Growth Factor Beta Binding Protein 1 (LTBP1), Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Transactivator (CIITA), genes encoding kinases such as CAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitor Beta (PKIB), Heat Shock Transcription Factor 2 Binding Protein (HSF2BP) and members of theRAS Family such as RAS And EF-Hand Domain-Containing Protein (RASEF) and RAB38. Melanocyte Inducing Transcription Factor (MITF) gene presented a downstream variant that contained a non-coding transcription exon (concretely, lncRNA). Six intronic variants were found in TLE Family Member 1, Transcriptional Corepressor (TLE1), an expression gene regulator, and one intronic variant in NADPH Oxidase Activator 1 (NOXA1). Finally, gene encoding Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) showed a downstream and 5′UTR variant (Table 3). Other SNPs with frequencies lower than 0.7 in the same or in other genes are summarized in Supplementary Material.

4. Discussion

The boxer is a canine breed recognized internationally in 1955 by the “Federation Cynologique Internationale” (FCI-AISBL). The results of the present paper show the immune and genomic profile of this canine breed. Concretely, the concentration values for the analyzed cytokines were 0.22 ± 0.14 ng/mL for IFN-γ, 68.57 ± 12.09 ng/mL for IL-2, 0.62 ± 0.23 ng/mL for IL-6, 263.75 ± 152.73 pg/mL for IL-8, and 43.08 ± 7.09 ng/mL for IL-18. However, other authors found serum levels of these cytokines that were different from these results, being around 0.5 ng/mL and 0.3 ng/mL for IFN-γ in Ibizan hound dogs and crossbreed, respectively, around 60 ng/mL for IL-2, and around 180 pg/mL and 200 pg/mL for IL-8 in Ibizan hound and crossbreed, respectively [48]. Other authors showed levels of IFN-γ around 30 µg/mL [49], and 17 pg/mL, 137 pg/mL, and 83 pg/mL for IL-2, IL-8, and IL-18, respectively [50].
This canine breed is one of the breeds with the highest prevalence of Leishmania infection [23,51], and the immunological profile of this canine breed showed relevant differences in several cytokine levels compared to those published in other canine breeds. In fact, previous studies indicated lower levels of IL-2 and IFN-ϒ in the boxer breed compared to other canine purebreds or crossbreed [48]. The ability of the host to control Leishmania infection requires a strong cellular immune response, associated with the activation of T helper (Th)-1 cells producing IL-2 [52,53]. Some studies of IL-2 and IFN-ϒ noticed their relationship with a control and protective response against Leishmania infection by the host [54,55,56]. None of genes encodes the cytokines analyzed, nor have other, related cytokines been found, which indicates that these different serum profiles of this canine breed are the result of more complex genetic mechanisms and expression regulation.
In fact, 20 intronic polymorphisms have been found in LTBP1, a gene known to be involved in T regulatory lymphocyte differentiation [40]. In fact, Batista et al. (2016), in a genome-wide association study of cell-mediated response in dogs infected by L. infantum, showed several genetic markers that could explain the phenotypic variance in the cytokines’ expression, including LTBP1 [40]. The levels of this pleiotropic cytokine are positively correlated with the expression of TGF-β [57] and with other immune functions, including regulation of adaptative immune response, T-cell selection, and Th1- and Th2- cell differentiation [55]. Moreover, this cytokine promotes IL-7R expression [58], plays a key role in Treg cell development [59], and regulates the Notch pathway, among others (see review [60]).
An intronic change, 6:31796528A > G, has been observed in the CIITA gene. This intronic variant, which overlaps six different transcripts, does not have a known biological function. However, CIITA is a key regulator of IL6 and HLAII expression [61,62], and epigenetic regulation of this gene by the acetylation of CIITA promoters has been observed after Leishmania parasitic infection [63]. Previous studies demonstrated that the downregulation of CIITA expression appeared after the infection of macrophages with Mycobacterium bovis. The infection is controlled by the Nramp1 gene [64], which is related to the susceptibility against visceral leishmaniosis [31,65]. Other genes related to immune response also present intronic variants, such as PKIB, the kinase activator of PI3/Akt pathway [66], which mediates different receptors including cytokine receptors and regulates macrophage response [67]. The RASEF gene, which showed five SNPs, one of them being a missense variant, and RAB38 (one intronic variant) have not been directly related to the immune response, although other members of the Ras family have been associated with different immune pathways. For example, N-Ras, K-Ras and H-Ras regulate IL-10 and IL-12 production by CD40 and ERK-1/2 pathways [68]. In fact, Chakraborty et al. (2015) demonstrated the relationship of N-Ras and K-Ras in L. major infection and its regulation by Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR-2) [69]. Another toll-like receptor, TLR-4, showed a 5′UTR variant in this study. TLR2 expression was higher in dogs naturally infected by L. infantum than in seronegative healthy dogs, whereas TLR4 did not present differences [70]. However, several studies indicate that production of IL12 by macrophages is TLR-4 dependent in L. mexicana infection [71]. These results, together with those observed in our study, indicate that future studies analyzing the relationship between TLR-4, IL-12 and its receptor are necessary in relation to L. infantum and the disease’s progression.
So far, there is no evidence of a direct relationship between HSF2BP and the immune response, although its functions related to the regulation of cell adhesion, autophagy response and constitutive transcription regulation are well known [72,73]. Other family members of HSF have been related to immunity. HSP60 regulates the expression of Th1/Th2 transcription factors in human cells in vitro, leading to decreased secretion of IFN-ϒ and increased secretion of IL-10 [74]. Finally, HSP72 activates neutrophil functions via the PI3K/ERK pathway with TLR-2 participation [75]. For its part, TLE1, which showed six intronic variants, has been related to NF-κB pathway regulation [76]. Both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways have been related to innate immune response regulation [77,78]. In this regard, Mitchell et al. (2016) published a comprehensive review, explaining these two pathways and related molecules, including toll-like receptors and several cytokines [79]. Utsunomiya et al. (2015) found an associated marker for visceral leishmaniosis in chromosome 1, located between two predicted transcription factor binding sites regulating the expression of TLE1, a key regulator of Notch signaling, which regulates macrophage activity and Th1/Th2 differentiation [45]. Other genes related to innate immune response are NOXA1 [80] and MITF [81]. The last one showed a downstream variant (non-coding transcription exon) in our study. MITF regulates several genes in response to infection by some pathogens, such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus [82], and is related to activation of B lymphocytes in L. longipalpis infection [42].
None of the variants found in this study resulted in a change in amino acids, since all of were in intronic or regulatory regions 3’UTR or 5’UTR. These results indicate that, probably, the defective immune response in Leishmania infection of the boxer canine breed is more complex and includes different regulation factors and pathways, including epigenetic mechanisms and expression regulation genes.

5. Conclusions

The boxer, or Deutscher boxer, is a canine breed officially recognized by the Kennel Club and internationally in 1955 by the FCI-AISBL, with susceptibility to L. infantum infection. This descriptive study showed levels, in boxers, of some cytokines that were lower than published data for other canine breeds. The genomic analysis revealed many variants that were fixed in this dog population in genes related to immune response regulation. The most relevant variants found were in MITF, which shows a downstream variant with a non-coding transcription exon, and were related to B lymphocyte activation, and in TLR4, which regulates IL-12 production in L. mexicana infection. These results indicate that this breed presents specific variants in genes related to regulation of the immune system and its response to L. infantum infection, which could explain the high prevalence of leishmaniosis found in boxer dogs. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the relationship between these identified variants and immune response against infection by Leishmania.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/vetsci9110608/s1, Table S1: Genomic variants found in non-cytokine genes with alternative allele frequencies of less than 0.7. Table shows the identify number (rsID), chromosome position, reference and alternative alleles, frequency of alternative variant in the analyzed dataset, and functional class of variant.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, L.L.; methodology, L.Á. and L.L.; formal analysis, L.Á. P.R.-G. and P.-J.M.-G.; data curation, P.-J.M.-G. and L.L.; writing—original draft preparation, L.Á. P.-J.M.-G. and L.L.; writing—review and editing, L.L.; supervision, L.L.; project administration, L.L.; funding acquisition, L.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Grants for Emerging Research Groups of Generalitat Valenciana (GV/2021/104) and University CEU Cardenal Herrera (IDOC21-03). Precision Medicine Unit of INCLIVA equipment, Glomax® Discover and Illumina iScan Reader were co-financed by the European Union through the Operational Program of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of the Valencian Community 2014–2020.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of the Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU (2020/VSC/PEA/0216).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the Boxer Club of Valencia, to Precision Medicine Unit of INCLIVA and to Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Vetsci 09 00608 g001 550
Figure 1. Photograph of adult male of boxer breed (extracted from The Kennel club materials).
Figure 1. Photograph of adult male of boxer breed (extracted from The Kennel club materials).
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Vetsci 09 00608 g002 550
Figure 2. Geographical distribution of reported human and/or animal cases of leishmaniosis due to L. infantum between 2009 to 2020 (data obtained by Technical Report of European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDPC) [28]).
Figure 2. Geographical distribution of reported human and/or animal cases of leishmaniosis due to L. infantum between 2009 to 2020 (data obtained by Technical Report of European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDPC) [28]).
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Table
Table 1. Epidemiological data recovered for the 31 boxer samples analyzed.
Table 1. Epidemiological data recovered for the 31 boxer samples analyzed.
VariableCategoriesNo. of Dogs (%)
GenderMale17 (54.84)
Female14 (45.16)
AgePuppy (<1 year)4 (12.90)
Young (1 to 5 years)10 (32.26)
Adult (5 to 10 years)14 (45.16)
Elder (>10 years)3 (9.68)
DietCommercial28 (90.32)
Home prepared/raw food consumption3 (9.68)
Overall 31 (100.00)
Table
Table 2. Concentrations of the analyzed cytokines. The table shows the number of animals (n), range, mean ± standard deviation (SD), and coefficient of variation (CV).
Table 2. Concentrations of the analyzed cytokines. The table shows the number of animals (n), range, mean ± standard deviation (SD), and coefficient of variation (CV).
Cytokine 1nRange 2Mean ± SD 2CV (%)
IFN-γ310.01–0.780.22 ± 0.1462.29
IL-23110.37–721.1368.57 ± 12.0917.63
IL-6310.40–1.390.62 ± 0.2337.10
IL-83158.48–624.40263.75 ± 152.7357.91
IL-18310–353.4543.08 ± 7.0916.46
1 IFN-γ: interferon gamma, IL: interleukin. 2 The values for IL-8 are expressed in pg/mL, and for IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-18, in ng/mL.
Table
Table 3. Genomic variants, found in genes other than the cytokines analyzed, with a frequency of the alternative allele above 0.7. Table showing the identify number (rsID), chromosome position, reference and alternative alleles, frequency of alternative variant in the analyzed dataset, and functional class of variant.
Table 3. Genomic variants, found in genes other than the cytokines analyzed, with a frequency of the alternative allele above 0.7. Table showing the identify number (rsID), chromosome position, reference and alternative alleles, frequency of alternative variant in the analyzed dataset, and functional class of variant.
Gene 1rsIDChromosome PositionRef. Alt. 2FrequencyFunctional Class of Variant
CIITArs243538876:31796528A-G0.9792Intronic
HSF2BPrs2369715031:37627924A-G0.7917Intronic
LTBP1rs2256460617:26144284C-T0.9792Intronic
rs2259843417:26182161A-G0.7609Intronic
rs2259848017:26192010C-T0.8478Intronic
rs2259853117:26217715T-A0.7292Intronic
rs2259855217:26233826G-T0.7609Intronic
rs2258357017:26237829A-G0.7292Intronic
rs2258364117:26261335A-G0.7391Intronic
rs2258367417:26274101C-T0.9583Intronic
rs2258369317:26283669G-A0.8750Intronic
rs2257346517:26292549A-G0.8958Intronic
rs2258373317:26328978T-C0.9583Intronic
rs2258375117:26345347G-A0.7292Intronic
rs2261746817:26365885C-A0.8125Intronic
rs2261749017:26390401C-T0.8261Intronic
rs2256505017:26412722G-A0.7292Intronic
rs2256507817:26425762C-G0.7292Intronic
rs2256509117:26437220A-G0.8696Intronic
rs2258586917:26451018C-G0.7391Intronic
rs2258592817:26456566A-G0.7391Intronic
rs2260011217:26478030G-A0.7500Intronic
MITFrs851935620:21871904T-C0.7500Downstream
NOXA1rs245348599:48312935G-T0.8125Intronic
PKIBrs219749001:62026582C(G)-A0.9792Intronic
RAB38rs2292119521:12120865T-C0.7174Intronic
RASEFrs218926041: 76327161G-A0.7174Intergenic
rs218856981: 76366341C-T0.7174Intergenic
rs218945381: 76416494C-T0.7174Intronic
rs219136611: 76423140A-G0.7174Intronic
rs219840101: 76452566G-A0.7174Missense
TLE1rs8526020831:77556658G-T1Intronic
rs220388741:77569697G-C1Intronic
rs220388781:77576847T-C1Intronic
rs218818971:77607385T-A0.9783Intronic
rs220389451:77612762A-G0.9783Intronic
rs220389821:77625675C-T1Intronic
TLR4rs2214573611:71364581T-C0.75005′UTR
1CIITA: Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Activator; HSF2BP: Heat Shock Transcription Factor 2 Binding Protein; LTBP1: Latent Transforming Growth Factor Beta Binding Protein 1; MITF: Melanocyte Inducing Transcription Factor; NOXA1: NADPH Oxidase Activator 1; PKIB: CAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitor Beta; RAB38: RAB38 Member RAS Oncogene Family; RASEF: RAS And EF-Hand Domain-Containing Protein; TLE1: TLE Family Member 1, Transcriptional Corepressor; TLR4: Toll-Like Receptor 4. 2 C: cytosine, T: thymine; A: adenine; G: guanine.
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Álvarez, L.; Marín-García, P.-J.; Rentero-Garrido, P.; Llobat, L. Immune and Genomic Analysis of Boxer Dog Breed and Its Relationship with Leishmania infantum Infection. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110608

AMA Style

Álvarez L, Marín-García P-J, Rentero-Garrido P, Llobat L. Immune and Genomic Analysis of Boxer Dog Breed and Its Relationship with Leishmania infantum Infection. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(11):608. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110608

Chicago/Turabian Style

Álvarez, Luis, Pablo-Jesús Marín-García, Pilar Rentero-Garrido, and Lola Llobat. 2022. "Immune and Genomic Analysis of Boxer Dog Breed and Its Relationship with Leishmania infantum Infection" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 11: 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110608

APA Style

Álvarez, L., Marín-García, P. -J., Rentero-Garrido, P., & Llobat, L. (2022). Immune and Genomic Analysis of Boxer Dog Breed and Its Relationship with Leishmania infantum Infection. Veterinary Sciences, 9(11), 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110608

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