Survey on the Presence of Bacterial and Parasitic Zoonotic Agents in the Feces of Wild Birds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Ethical Statement
2.3. Bacteriological Analyses
Pathogens | Amplicons (Target Gene) | Primers Sequence (5′—3′) | PCR Conditions | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Brucella spp. | 905 bp (16SrRNA) | F4 (TCGAGCGCCCGCAAGGGG) R2 (AACCATAGTGTCTCCACTAA) | 95 °C—30 s 54 °C—90 s 72 °C—90 s For 50 cycles | [39] |
Coxiella burnetii | 687 bp (IS1111a) | Trans-1 (TATGTATCCACCGTAGCCAGT) Trans-2 (CCCAACAACACCTCCTTATTC) | 95 °C—30 s 64 °C—1 min 72 °C—1 min For 40 cycles | [40] |
Mycobacterium spp. | 1030 bp (16SrDNA) | MycogenF (AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG) MycogenR (TGCACACAGGCCACAAGGGA) | 95 °C—1 min 62 °C—2 min 72 °C—1 min For 40 cycles | [41] |
Cryptosporidium spp. | 1325 bp (1st step) 826-864 bp (2nd step) (16SrDNA) | outcryF (TTCTAGAGCTAATACATGCG) outcryR (CCCATTTCCTTCGAAACAGGA) incryF (GGAAGGGTTGTATTTATTAGATAAAG) incryR (AAGGAGTAAGGAACAACCTCCA) | 94 °C—45 s 55 °C—45 s 72 °C—1 min For 35 cycles (1st and 2nd step) | [42] |
Giardia spp. | 432 bp (2nd step) (gdh) | GDHeF (TCAACGTYAAYCGYGGYTTCCGT) GDHiR (GTTRTCCTTGCACATCTCC) GDHiF (CAGTACAACTCYGCTCTCGG) | 94 °C—1 min 56 °C—20 s 72 °C—45 s For 45 cycles | [43] |
Microsporidia (Encephalitozoon spp. and Enterocitozoon spp.) | 250–280 pb (18SrRNA) | V1 (CACCAGGTTGATTCTGCCTGAC) PMP2 (CCTCTCCGGAACCAAACCCTG) | 94 °C—30 s 60 °C—30 s 72 °C—30 s For 35 cycles | [44] |
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scheme ID | Bird Species | Detected Pathogen | Method |
---|---|---|---|
I_52 | Larus michahellis | S. enterica serovar Coeln | Isolation and typing |
I_77 | Anas penelope | Coxiella burnetii | PCR |
I_107 | Columba livia | Encephalitozoon hellem | PCR and sequencing |
I_117 | Columba livia | Encephalitozoon hellem | PCR and sequencing |
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Ebani, V.V.; Guardone, L.; Bertelloni, F.; Perrucci, S.; Poli, A.; Mancianti, F. Survey on the Presence of Bacterial and Parasitic Zoonotic Agents in the Feces of Wild Birds. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8090171
Ebani VV, Guardone L, Bertelloni F, Perrucci S, Poli A, Mancianti F. Survey on the Presence of Bacterial and Parasitic Zoonotic Agents in the Feces of Wild Birds. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(9):171. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8090171
Chicago/Turabian StyleEbani, Valentina Virginia, Lisa Guardone, Fabrizio Bertelloni, Stefania Perrucci, Alessandro Poli, and Francesca Mancianti. 2021. "Survey on the Presence of Bacterial and Parasitic Zoonotic Agents in the Feces of Wild Birds" Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 9: 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8090171