Changed Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Microbial Population in Fattening Steers Receiving a High Concentrate Diet with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Improve Growth Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals, Feed, and Experimental Design
2.2. Sample Collection and Chemical Analyses of Samples
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Feed Intake, Growth Performance, and Nutrients Digestibility
3.2. Rumen Parameters and Blood Metabolite
3.3. Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) Profiles and Methane (CH4) Production
3.4. Microbial Population
4. Discussion
4.1. Feed Intake and Nutrient Digestibility
4.2. Rumen Parameters and Blood Metabolites
4.3. Ruminal Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) Profiles and Methane (CH4) Production
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredient Composition | % Dry Matter Basis |
---|---|
Rice straw | 25.3 |
Corn silage | 4.7 |
Cassava chip | 26.2 |
Rice bran | 33.4 |
Soybean meal | 4.4 |
Urea | 2.0 |
Molasses | 2.0 |
Mineral mixture | 2.0 |
Salt | 1.0 |
Chemical composition | |
Dry matter, % | 69.8 |
Organic matter | 91.3 |
Ash | 9.7 |
Crude protein | 12.8 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 29.6 |
Acid detergent fiber | 18.2 |
Total digestible nutrients (TDN) * | 77.9 |
Target Species | Primer Set | Reference |
---|---|---|
Total bacteria | 5′-AGCAGCCGCGGTAAT-3′ 5′-CAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTT-3′ | [25] |
Fibrobacter succinogenes | 5′-GTTCGGAATTACTGGGCGTAAA-3′ 5′-CGCCTGCCCCTGAACTATC-3′ | [26] |
Ruminococus flavefaciens | 5′-CGAACGGAGATAATTTGAGTTTACTTAGG-3′ 5′-CGGTCTCTGTATGTTATGAGGTATTACC-3′ | [26] |
Ruminococus albus | 5′-CCCTAAAAGCAGTCTTAGTTCG-3′ 5′-CCTCCTTGCGGTTAGAACA-3′ | [27] |
Butyvibrio fibrisolvens | 5′-ACCGCATAAGCGCACGGA-3′ 5′-CGGGTCCATCTTGTACCGATAAAT-3′ | [28] |
Megasphera eldinii | 5′-AGATGGGGACAACAGCTGGA-3′ 5′-CGAAAGCTCCGAAGAGCCT-3′ | [28] |
Methanogenic archaea | 5′-GAGGAAGGAGTGGACGACGGTA-3′ 5′-ACGGGCGGTGTGTGCAAG-3′ | [29] |
Protozoa | 5′-GCTTTCGWTGGTAGTGTATT-3′ 5′-CTTGCCCTCYAATCGTWCT-3′ | [30] |
Items | Yeast Supplementation (g/day) | SEM | Contrast | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Initial body weight (BW), kg | 375.5 | 376.1 | 373.8 | 372.6 | 1.21 | 0.14 | 0.43 |
Final BW, kg | 434.4 a | 442.7 b | 462.5 c | 461.6 c | 4.85 | 0.04 | 0.52 |
Average daily gain, g/day | 649 a | 744 b | 984 c | 993 c | 6.03 | 0.04 | 0.71 |
Dry matter intake, kg/day | 9.2 b | 10.5 b | 11.4 a | 11.6 a | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.29 |
Feed conversion (feed: gain) | 14.1 b | 14.2 b | 11.6 a | 11.7 a | 0.48 | 0.04 | 0.07 |
Nutrient digestibility, % | |||||||
Dry matter | 59.7 | 60.8 | 61.4 | 61.6 | 0.29 | 0.39 | 0.62 |
Organic matter | 63.2 a | 65.6 b | 67.7 c | 67.4 c | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.11 |
Crude protein | 66.1 | 66.4 | 66.9 | 66.6 | 0.06 | 0.38 | 0.58 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 49.8 a | 55.7 b | 57.9 c | 58.1 c | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Acid detergent fiber | 45.4 a | 47.5 b | 49.9 c | 49.5 c | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Items | Yeast Supplementation (g/day) | SEM | Contrast | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Ruminal pH | 5.9 a | 6.3 b | 6.5 b | 6.5 b | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
Temperature, °C | 39.4 | 39.6 | 39.8 | 39.7 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.29 |
NH3-N, mg/dL | 15.0 a | 16.9 b | 18.3 c | 18.6 c | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
Blood metabolite, mg/dL | |||||||
Urea–Nitrogen | 13.8 | 14.1 | 14.6 | 15.1 | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.59 |
Glucose | 66.1 | 67.6 | 66.9 | 67.3 | 1.94 | 0.42 | 0.71 |
Free fatty acid | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.59 |
Total protein | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.87 |
Triglyceride | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.32 | 0.17 | 0.89 |
Total cholesterol | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.94 |
Total VFAs, mmol/L | 117.8 | 118.2 | 120.5 | 121.0 | 1.43 | 1.05 | 0.06 |
VFAs, mol/100mol | |||||||
Acetic acid (C2) | 69.3 b | 68.8 b | 65.1 a | 64.6 a | 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
Propionic acid (C3) | 22.8 a | 24.0 b | 27.2 c | 27.5 c | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
Butyric acid (C4) | 7.9 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 7.9 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
C2: C3 | 3.0 b | 2.9 b | 2.4 a | 2.3 a | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
CH4 (mM/l) | 28.1 b | 27.2 b | 24.9 a | 24.6 a | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
Items | Yeast Supplementation (g/day) | SEM | Contrast | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Real-time PCR, copies/mL rumen content | |||||||
Total bacteria, ×109 | 5.1 a | 6.2 b | 7.5 c | 7.9 c | 0.65 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
F. succinogenes, ×108 | 2.8 a | 5.7 b | 8.2 c | 8.0 c | 0.28 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
R. flavefaciens, ×107 | 4.8 a | 4.4 a | 6.9 b | 7.2 b | 0.44 | 0.04 | 0.07 |
R. albus, ×107 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 0.82 | 0.08 | 0.11 |
B. fibrisolvens, ×106 | 3.4 a | 5.8 b | 6.6 bc | 7.2 c | 0.43 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
M. eldinii, ×102 | 1.4 a | 2.8 b | 4.1 c | 4.4 c | 0.58 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
Methanogens, ×105 | 7.1 a | 5.4 b | 2.1 c | 2.0 c | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
Protozoa, ×105 | 5.6 a | 3.7 b | 1.9 c | 1.2 c | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
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Phesatcha, K.; Phesatcha, B.; Chunwijitra, K.; Wanapat, M.; Cherdthong, A. Changed Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Microbial Population in Fattening Steers Receiving a High Concentrate Diet with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Improve Growth Performance. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120294
Phesatcha K, Phesatcha B, Chunwijitra K, Wanapat M, Cherdthong A. Changed Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Microbial Population in Fattening Steers Receiving a High Concentrate Diet with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Improve Growth Performance. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(12):294. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120294
Chicago/Turabian StylePhesatcha, Kampanat, Burarat Phesatcha, Krittika Chunwijitra, Metha Wanapat, and Anusorn Cherdthong. 2021. "Changed Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Microbial Population in Fattening Steers Receiving a High Concentrate Diet with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Improve Growth Performance" Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 12: 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120294