Pathogen and Host Response Dynamics in a Mouse Model of Borrelia hermsii Relapsing Fever
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Early Animal Experiments
1.2. The North American Species B. hermsii
1.3. Overview
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions
2.3. Mouse Infections
2.4. Antibody Agglutination Assays
2.5. Growth Inhibition Assay
2.6. Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA)
2.7. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent (ELISA) Assay for IgM Antibodies
2.8. Assays for Cytokines, Chemokines, and Other Serum Components
2.9. Iron Assay
2.10. In Vitro Blood Cell Aggregation Assay
2.11. Nucleic Acid Extraction and cDNA Synthesis
2.12. Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
2.13. Growth Rate Determinations
2.14. Statistics
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Growth of B. hermsii in the Blood
3.1.1. Background
3.1.2. PCR Quantitation of Bacteria in the Blood
3.1.3. Clearance of Bacteria from Blood
3.1.4. Relapse of Bacteria in the Blood
3.1.5. Comments
3.2. Innate Host Responses to B. hermsii Infection
3.2.1. Background
3.2.2. Analysis of Proteins in Plasma during Experimental Infection
3.2.3. Comments
3.3. Antibody Responses to B. hermsii Infection
3.3.1. Background
3.3.2. Agglutination Assays
3.3.3. Antibody Response Detected by ELISA and IFA
3.3.4. Antibody Response in Nude Mice
3.3.5. In Vitro Neutralization with a Monoclonal Antibody
3.3.6. Comments
3.4. Anemia during Infection
3.4.1. Background
3.4.2. Changes in Hematocrit during Infection and after Antibiotic Treatment
3.4.3. Histopathology
3.4.4. Comments
3.5. Erythrocyte Aggregation during Infection
3.5.1. Background
3.5.2. In Vitro Aggregation Experiment
3.5.3. Comments
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
J-H | Jarisch-Herxheimer |
IFA | indirect immunofluorescence assay |
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
qPCR | quantitative polymerase chain reaction |
SCID | severe combined immunodeficient |
TLR | Toll-like receptor |
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Analyte | Difference in Means (Lower, Upper 95% Confidence Limits) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit a | Peak vs. Uninfected | Clearance vs. Uninfected | Clearance vs. Peak | Change b | |
β-2 Microglobulin | µg | +0.1 (−0.2, +0.3) | +0.4 (+0.2, +0.6) c | +0.3 (+0.1, +0.5) | C |
Clusterin | µg | +62 (+19, +106) | +131 (+91, +171) | +69 (+7, +130) | P,C |
C-reactive protein | µg | +3.8 (+2.5, +5.0) | +3.6 (+2.3, +4.8) | 0.2 (−2.0, +1.6) | P,C |
EGF d | pg | −3.6 (−8.0, +0.7) | −6.5 (−10.8, −2.3) | −2.9 (−8.0, +2.2) | (P,C) |
Endothelin-1 | pg | +5.5 (−9.6, +20.5) | +11.2 (+3.3, +19.2) | +5.8 (−10.9, +22.4) | C |
Fibrinogen | µg | +3421 (+1710, +5131) | +3703 (+2135, +5269) | +282 (−1643, +2207) | P,C |
Growth hormone | ng | −15.8 (−28.2, −3.4) | −14.3 (−26.5, −2.0) | +1.5 (−3.2, +6.2) | (P,C) |
Haptoglobin | µg | +88 (+70, +105) | +112 (+103, +121) | +25 (+1.7, +48) | P,C |
IP-10 (CXCL10) e | pg | +151 (+108, +195) | +29 (+13, +45) | −122 (−173, −71) | P |
Interferon-γ | pg | +6.0 (-0.5, +12.6) | +1.3 (−1.1, +3.6) | −4.8 (−13.0, +3.5) | |
IL-1α | pg | −26 (−62, +9) | −28 (−64, +7.9) | 1.4 (−4.2, +1.4) | |
IL-1β | pg | +120 (−670, +910) | −900 (−1810, +10) | −1020 (−1690, −350) | (C) |
IL-2 | pg | +7.0 (−8.6, +23) | +0.4 (−14.4, +15.2) | −6.7 (−27.9, +14.5) | |
IL-6 | pg | +14.4 (+6.0, +22.9) | +1.3 (−0.2, +2.7) | −13.2 (−23.4, −3.0) | P |
IL-7 | pg | +60 (+40, +70) | +10 (0, +30) | −50 (−70, −20) | P |
IL-10 | pg | +378 (+237, +520) | −38 (−103, +28) | −416 (−581, −251) | P |
IL-11 | pg | +64 (+2.0, +126) | 6.5 (−25.0, +12.1) | 71 (−143, +2.0) | P |
IL-18 | pg | +520 (+300, +740) | −50 (−520, +430) | −570 (−1130, −10) | P |
Insulin | µIU | −0.7 (−1.1, −0.2) | −1.1 (−1.5, −0.7) | −0.5 (−1.0, +0.1) | (P,C) |
KC/GROα (CXCL1) | pg | +680 (+460, +890) | +40 (+40, +120) | −640 (−900, −370) | P |
Lymphotactin (XCL1) | pg | +144 (+101, +188) | +41 (+15, +68) | −103 (−154, −51) | P |
MCP-1 (CCL2) | pg | +700 (+563, +837) | +65 (+5.9, +124) | −635 (−796, −474) | P |
MCP-3 (CCL7) | pg | +550 (+396, +703) | +78 (−45, +201) | −472 (−635, −310) | P |
MCP-5 (CCL12) | pg | +145 (+190, +100) | +46 (+90, +2.8) | −99 (−44, −153) | P |
M-CSF | pg | +1180 (+780, +1590) | +180 (−220, +580) | −1000 (−1460, −540) | P |
MDC (CCL22) | pg | +29 (−44, +102) | −97 (−166, −28) | −126 (−207, −45) | (C) |
MIP-1α (CCL3) | pg | +90 (+20, +200) | +120 (+30, +220) | +30 (−50, +110) | P,C |
MIP-1β (CCL4) | pg | +216 (+180, +253) | +15 (−13, +44) | −201 (−240, −163) | P |
MIP-1γ (CCL9) | pg | +7420 (+4980, +9860) | +7230 (+4540, +10,010) | −180 (−4100, +3730) | P,C |
MIP-2 (CXL1) | pg | +11.3 (+5.7, +16.9) | +2.3 (+0.7, +5.3) | +9.0 (+15.8, +2.2) | P,C |
MIP-3β (CCL19) | pg | +210 (+120, +310) | +80 (−40, +190) | −140 (−240, −40) | P |
MMP-9 | ng | +37 (+14, +60) | +12 (−1.3, +25) | −25 (−54, +4.1) | P |
Myeloperoxidase | ng | +93 (+62, +123) | +118 (+102, +135) | +25 (−14, +65) | P,C |
Oncostatin M | pg | +100 (+70, +150) | −10 (−20, +10) | −120 (−160, −70) | P |
Osteopontin | pg | +22.9 (+8.8, +37.0) | +81 (+52, +109) | +58 (+23, +93) | P,C |
Serum Amyloid P | µg | +15.4 (+10.1, +20.6) | +14.0 (+9.5, +18.5) | −1.4 (−8.5, +5.8) | P,C |
SGOT | µg | +5.6 (−4.9, +16.1) | +13.7 (+2.8, +24.6) | +8.1 (−8.2, +24.4) | C |
Stem Cell Factor | pg | +68 (+39, +97) | −6.3 (−32, +19.5) | −74 (−115, −34) | P |
TIMP-1 | pg | +940 (+480, +1,400) | +980 (+630, +1,330) | +50 (−460, +560) | P,C |
TNF-α | pg | +20 (0, +40) | 0 (−10, 0) | −20 (−50, 0) | P |
VCAM-1 | ng | +405 (+257, +552) | +540 (+395, +685) | +135 (−67, +337) | P,C |
VEGF | pg | +49 (+8.5, +90) | +6.6 (−44, +57) | −43 (−88, +2.9) | P |
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Crowder, C.D.; Ghalyanchi Langeroudi, A.; Shojaee Estabragh, A.; Lewis, E.R.G.; Marcsisin, R.A.; Barbour, A.G. Pathogen and Host Response Dynamics in a Mouse Model of Borrelia hermsii Relapsing Fever. Vet. Sci. 2016, 3, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci3030019
Crowder CD, Ghalyanchi Langeroudi A, Shojaee Estabragh A, Lewis ERG, Marcsisin RA, Barbour AG. Pathogen and Host Response Dynamics in a Mouse Model of Borrelia hermsii Relapsing Fever. Veterinary Sciences. 2016; 3(3):19. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci3030019
Chicago/Turabian StyleCrowder, Christopher D., Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi, Azadeh Shojaee Estabragh, Eric R. G. Lewis, Renee A. Marcsisin, and Alan G. Barbour. 2016. "Pathogen and Host Response Dynamics in a Mouse Model of Borrelia hermsii Relapsing Fever" Veterinary Sciences 3, no. 3: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci3030019