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Pharmacokinetics of Carprofen Administered Intravenously at Different Doses in Goats
by
, , and
Orhan Corum
1,*
,
Halis Oguz
2,
Mustafa Hitit
3,*,
Duygu Durna Corum
1,
Devran Coskun
4,
Teslime Erdogan
5,
Emre Bahcivan
6 and
Kamil Uney
2 1
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Hatay Mustafa Kemal, Hatay 31060, Türkiye
2
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya 42003, Türkiye
3
College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Prairie View University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
4
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Siirt, Siirt 56100, Türkiye
5
Ministry of National Education, Directorate of Lifelong Learning, Yenimahalle, Ankara 06560, Türkiye
6
Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Amasya University, Amasya 05100, Türkiye
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090852
Submission received: 13 July 2025
/
Revised: 28 July 2025
/
Accepted: 1 September 2025
/
Published: 2 September 2025
Simple Summary
This study investigates the pharmacokinetics of carprofen, an anti-inflammatory drug, when administered intravenously to goats at different doses. Key findings indicate that carprofen had a prolonged effect in goats, with a longer half-life and a slower clearance rate at all doses. As the dose increased, carprofen’s clearance accelerated, dose-normalized plasma concentrations decreased, and the volume of distribution expanded. However, despite the changes observed at higher doses, carprofen exhibited a longer duration of action at higher doses based on the reported therapeutic threshold. Therefore, the differences identified in this study are clinically negligible for the single administration of all doses. However, higher doses can lead to potential side effects and drug residues, especially with repeated treatments. This research provides valuable information for veterinarians considering the use of carprofen in goats. While higher doses may provide better efficacy, careful monitoring is essential. Further studies are needed to optimize dosing regimens and ensure the safe and effective use of carprofen in goat medications.
Abstract
This investigation focuses on understanding the pharmacokinetic behavior of intravenously administered carprofen at doses of 0.7, 1.4, and 4 mg/kg in goats. Eighteen animals were randomly assigned into three groups, with six goats per group, and blood samples were collected at 22 time points post-administration. Plasma concentrations were analyzed using a validated HPLC-UV method, and key pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using non-compartmental analysis. Results show that, at 0.7 mg/kg, carprofen exhibited the total clearance (ClT) of 2.19 mL/h/kg, volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) of 126.56 mL/kg, area under the curve (AUC0-last) of 321.00 h*µg/mL, and elimination half-life (t1/2ʎz) of 44.32 h. When comparing doses, an increase in ClT was observed at 4 mg/kg, and the volume of distribution increased at both 1.4 and 4 mg/kg dosages. Additionally, a reduction in dose-normalized AUC0-last was evident at the highest dose. Data showed that the effect of the drug may be prolonged as the dose increases. These differences between dose groups may be clinically insignificant after the single administration of all doses. Carprofen can be used at all three dose levels in goats; however, vigilance regarding the potential side effects and drug residues is essential, especially during repeated treatments.
Keywords:
carprofen; pharmacokinetics; different doses; goat
