Oxidative Stress Model of Lipopolysaccharide-Challenge in Piglets of Wuzhishan Miniature Pig

Oxidative stress (OS) is a major concern in young poultry and livestock, prompting extensive research on OS models. This study aimed to systematically investigate the dynamic effects and temporal trends of OS induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) over time. Twenty-eight piglets were randomly divided into four groups and equally intraperitoneally injected with LPS at doses of 0 μg/kg (control), 50 μg/kg (L-LPS), 100 μg/kg (M-LPS) and 150 μg/kg (H-LPS) body weight, respectively. The results showed that total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and catalase (CAT) were decreased, while malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), diamine oxidase (DAO) and D-lactic acid (D-LA) were increased in the M-LPS and H-LPS group on day 1 in comparison with the control group, but no differences were found among treatments on day 7. However, LPS treatments gave rise to varying degrees of pathological injury in the intestines, livers and spleens on day 7. Metabolomics analysis indicated that compared with the control group, glycyl-valine, histamine and lepidine F were decreased in the M-LPS group. Most differentially expressed metabolites were enriched in amino acid-related metabolism pathways on both day 1 and day 7. Microbiome analysis identified that Oscillibacter_sp._CAG:241 was decreased in the M-LPS group compared with the control group on day 1, while Bacteroides_thetaiotaomicron and Lactobacillus_amylovorus were reduced in the M-LPS group on day 7. Collectively, an LPS dose of 100 μg/kg body weight is optimal for inducing acute inflammation in Wuzhishan miniature pigs. These findings highlight the importance of considering both the duration of OS induction and the specific research objectives when establishing OS models.