Effect of Simultaneous Dietary Supplementation of Betaine, Selenomethionine, and Vitamins E and C under Summer Conditions in Growing–Finishing Pigs
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup and Animals
2.1.1. Housing
2.1.2. Climate Control
2.1.3. Temperature–Humidity Index
2.2. Measurements at Farm Level
2.2.1. Physiological Parameters and Animal Behaviour
2.2.2. Correlations
2.2.3. Performance Parameters
2.3. Measurements in the Slaughterhouse
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Temperature Humidity Index
3.2. Measurements at Farm Level
3.2.1. Physiological Parameters and Animal Behaviour
3.2.2. Correlations
3.2.3. Performance Parameters
3.3. Measurements in the Slaughterhouse
3.3.1. Observations in the Lairage Area
3.3.2. Carcass Traits and Meat Quality
4. Discussion
4.1. Measurements at Farm Level
4.1.1. Physiological Parameters and Behaviour
4.1.2. Correlations
4.1.3. Performance Parameters
4.2. Measurements in the Slaughterhouse
4.2.1. Observations in the Lairage Area
4.2.2. Carcass Traits and Meat Quality
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diet | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Starter Phase (10–15 Weeks of Age) | Grower Phase (15–25 Weeks of Age) | |||
Ingredients and Composition | CF | SF | CF | SF |
Ingredients | ||||
Wheat [%] | 31.094 | 31.365 | 36.902 | 36.386 |
Barley [%] | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.000 | 20.000 |
Maize [%] | 5.000 | 5.000 | - | - |
Soybean meal (48% crude protein) [%] | 13.096 | 13.339 | 6.500 | 6.500 |
Biscuits [%] | 8.000 | 8.000 | 7.500 | 7.500 |
Corn flakes [%] | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.000 | 3.000 |
Wheat middlings [%] | 0.000 | 0.000 | 3.700 | 3.606 |
Wheat gluten [%] | 8.590 | 5.317 | 13.000 | 13.000 |
Palm oil [%] | 1.636 | 1.831 | 0.900 | 0.900 |
Beet molasses [%] | 2.000 | 2.000 | 2.700 | 2.641 |
Palm kernels [%] | 2.000 | 2.000 | 0.835 | 0.835 |
Beet pulp [%] | 1.500 | 3.085 | 1.500 | 1.500 |
Feed chalk [%] | 1.472 | 1.392 | 1.474 | 1.403 |
Table salt [%] 1 | 0.473 | 0.165 | 0.543 | 0.167 |
DL-Methionine [%] | 0.203 | 0.208 | 0.131 | 0.130 |
L-Valine [%] | 0.052 | 0.055 | 0.005 | 0.000 |
L-Lysine (50%) [%] | 0.799 | 0.792 | 0.715 | 0.700 |
Tryptophan (25%) [%] | 0.167 | 0.172 | 0.046 | 0.038 |
vL-Threonine [%] | 0.202 | 0.198 | 0.200 | 0.160 |
Betaine [%] 2 | 0.000 | 0.667 | 0.000 | 0.667 |
Vitamin E [%] 3 | 0.020 | 0.030 | 0.020 | 0.030 |
Vitamin C [%] 4 | 0.000 | 0.057 | 0.000 | 0.057 |
Sodium bicarbonate [%] 1 | 0.000 | 0.450 | 0.000 | 0.400 |
Magnesium oxide [%] | 0.121 | 0.128 | 0.109 | 0.110 |
Monocalcium phosphate [%] | 0.119 | 0.246 | 0.067 | 0.067 |
Organic acid mix | 0.300 | 0.300 | - | - |
Premix CF [%] 5 | 0.150 | 0.000 | 0.150 | 0.000 |
Premix SF [%] 6 | 0.000 | 0.200 | 0.000 | 0.200 |
Phytase [%] | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Analysed chemical composition | ||||
Crude protein (N × 6.25) [%V] | 16.4 | 16.0 | 15.3 | 15.7 |
Crude fat [%V] | 4.9 | 5.1 | 4.6 | 4.6 |
Crude ash [%V] | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 5.0 |
Crude fibre [%V] | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.8 |
Water [%V] | 10.4 | 10.9 | 10.1 | 10.9 |
Lysine [g/kg] 7 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 9.0 | 8.9 |
NE [MJ/kg] 7 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.3 |
Animal Behaviour | ||
---|---|---|
Active 1 | Standing | Body supported by three or more legs and with head raised |
Moving | Walking or running, body supported by three or more legs, position change possible and head held high. | |
Exploring | Sniffing the floor and feeder, interacting with materials or pen mates | |
Sitting | One or two front legs support the body, with hindquarters touching the ground. | |
Inactive | Sternal lying | The pig lies on its sternum with its head high or down and 0 or 2 legs are extended |
Semi-sternal lying | The pig lies on its sternum with its head high or down and 2 legs extended, or the pig lies (half) on its side with only two legs extended. | |
Lateral lying | The pig lies entirely on its side with four legs extended. |
Diet | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Baseline at THI = 75 | Slope 1 per ∆THI or THI 2 | p-Value | ||||
CF | SF | CF | SF | Diet | ∆THI | Diet × ∆THI | |
Physiological parameters | |||||||
Respiration rate [breaths/min] | 46.3 | 45.7 | 34.5 | 34.5 | 0.904 | <0.001 | n.s. |
Rectal temperature [°C] | 39.6 | 39.6 | 0.129 | 0.129 | 0.869 | 0.216 | n.s. |
Skin temperature 2 [°C] | 35.1 | 35.2 | 0.294 | 0.294 | 0.875 | <0.001 | n.s. |
Animal behaviour [%] | |||||||
Active behaviour | 43 | 43 | −14 | −14 | 1.000 | 0.079 | n.s. |
Standing | 11 | 11 | −5 | −5 | 0.975 | 0.186 | n.s. |
Exploring | 25 | 23 | −5 | −5 | 0.669 | 0.108 | n.s. |
Sitting | 7 | 8 | −4 | −4 | 0.204 | 0.084 | n.s. |
Inactive behaviour [%] | 47 | 49 | 15 | 15 | 0.649 | 0.056 | n.s. |
Sternal lying | 37 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0.659 | 0.965 | n.s. |
Semi-sternal lying | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 0.334 | 0.281 | n.s. |
Lateral lying | 8 | 8 | 7 | 17 | 0.971 | 0.298 | 0.086 |
Parameter | Period of Heat Load | Diet | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CF | SF | Diet | Period | Diet × Period | |||
Daily drinking visits [number/day] | Before | 29 abcd | 33 bd | 0.43 | 0.150 | 0.008 | 0.013 |
During | 28 cd | 32 bd | 0.45 | ||||
After | 26 ab | 27 ac | 0.37 | ||||
Daily drinking time [min/day] | Before | 12 ab | 15 ace | 0.20 | 0.099 | <0.001 | 0.036 |
During | 15 ef | 18 bdf | 0.24 | ||||
After | 14 cd | 16 ace | 0.20 | ||||
Daily water intake [L/day] | Before | 4.0 ac | 3.9 ab | 0.06 | 0.730 | <0.001 | 0.013 |
During | 4.8 bd | 4.6 abcd | 0.05 | ||||
After | 5.1 bd | 4.6 cd | 0.06 | ||||
Daily feed intake [g/day] | Before | 2088 ac | 2007 ab | 25.7 | 0.503 | <0.001 | n.s. |
During | 2144 abcd | 2085 abcd | 18.5 | ||||
After | 2296 bd | 2234 cd | 19.8 |
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De Prekel, L.; Maes, D.; Van den Broeke, A.; Ampe, B.; Aluwé, M. Effect of Simultaneous Dietary Supplementation of Betaine, Selenomethionine, and Vitamins E and C under Summer Conditions in Growing–Finishing Pigs. Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11030110
De Prekel L, Maes D, Van den Broeke A, Ampe B, Aluwé M. Effect of Simultaneous Dietary Supplementation of Betaine, Selenomethionine, and Vitamins E and C under Summer Conditions in Growing–Finishing Pigs. Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 11(3):110. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11030110
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Prekel, Lotte, Dominiek Maes, Alice Van den Broeke, Bart Ampe, and Marijke Aluwé. 2024. "Effect of Simultaneous Dietary Supplementation of Betaine, Selenomethionine, and Vitamins E and C under Summer Conditions in Growing–Finishing Pigs" Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 3: 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11030110