Usefulness of Measuring Serum Amyloid A Concentration in Japanese Black Cattle in Clinical Practice
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. First Practical Trial: Transition of SAA and Sialic Acid Concentrations before and after Dehorning
2.2. Second Practical Trial: The Relationship between SAA and the Other Blood Test Parameters
2.3. Third Practical Trial: Investigation of SAA Dynamics in Diseased Cattle
2.4. Fourth Practical Trial: Report of Blood Test Results, including the SAA Concentration, in Two Cases with Follow-Up
3. Results
3.1. First Practical Trial: Transition of SAA and Sialic Acid before and after Dehorning
3.2. Second Practical Trial: Relationship between the SAA Concentration and Other Blood Test Parameters
3.3. Third Practical Trial: Investigation of SAA Dynamics in the Diseased Cattle
3.4. Fourth Practical Trial: Blood Test Results, Including the SAA Concentrations, of the Two Cases with Follow-Up
3.4.1. Case 1 Involved a 4-Month-Old Japanese Black Cattle
3.4.2. Case 2 Involved a 7-Year-Old Japanese Black Cattle
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Berliner, S.; Caspi, D.; Neuman, Y.; Ostfeld, I.; Hod, M.; Yaron, M.; Pinkhas, J.; Aronson, M. Aggregation of white cells and C-reactive protein: Relation between these two indices in acute phase reaction. J. Clin. Pathol. 1987, 40, 103–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fagan, E.A.; Dyck, R.F.; Maton, P.N.; Hodgson, H.J.; Chadwick, V.S.; Petrie, A.; Pepys, M.B. Serum levels C-reactive protein in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Eur. J. Clin. Investig. 1982, 12, 351–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nakamura, M.; Takahashi, M.; Ohno, K.; Koshino, A.; Nakashima, K.; Setoguchi, A.; Fujino, Y.; Tsujimoto, H. C-reactive protein concentration in dog with various diseases. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2008, 70, 127–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yamashita, K.; Fujinaga, T.; Okumura, M.; Takiguchi, M.; Tsunoda, N.; Mizuno, S. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in Horses: The inflammations on Tts Concentration. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 1991, 53, 1019–1024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kajikawa, T.; Furuta, A.; Onishi, T.; Tajima, T.; Sugii, S. Changes in concentrations of serum amyloid A protein, α1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein in feline sera due to induced inflammation and surgery. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1999, 68, 91–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yogeshpriya, S.; Selvaraj, P. C-reactive protein in veterinary practice. Dairy Vet. Sci. 2019, 13, 555858. [Google Scholar]
- Berg, L.C.; Thomsen, P.D.; Andersen, P.H.; Jensen, H.E.; Jacobsen, S. Serum amyloid A is expressed in histologically normal tissues from horses and cattle. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2011, 144, 155–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sasaki, K.; Ma, Z.; Khatlani, T.S.; Okuda, M.; Inokuma, H.; Onishi, T. Evaluation of feline serum amyloid A (SAA) as an inflammatory marker. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2003, 65, 545–548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tamamoto, T.; Ohno, K.; Ohmi, A.; Seki, I.; Tsujimoto, H. Time-course monitoring of serum amyloid A in a cat with pancreatitis. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2009, 38, 83–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cunnane, G.; Grehan, S.; Geoghegan, S.; McCormack, C.; Shields, D.; Whitehead, A.S.; Bresnihan, B.; Fitzgerald, O. Serum amyloid A in the assessment of early inflammatory arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 2000, 27, 58–63. [Google Scholar]
- Yamada, T. Inflammatory reaction and laboratory test: Serum amyloid A (SAA) protein. Rinsho. Byori. 1990, 38, 249–254. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Jacobsen, S.; Kjelgaard-Hansen, M.; Hagbard Petersen, H.; Jensen, A.L. Evaluation of a commercially available human serum amyloid A (SAA) turbidometric immunoassay for determination of equine SAA concentration. Vet. J. 2006, 172, 315–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Witkowska-Piłaszewicz, O.D.; Żmigrodzka, M.; Winnicka, A.; Miśkiewicz, A.; Strzelec, K.; Cywińska, A. Serun amyloid A in equine health and disease. Equine Vet. J. 2019, 51, 293–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alsemgeest, S.P.M.; Kalsbeek, H.C.; Wensing, T.; Koeman, J.P.; van Ederen, A.M.; Gruys, E. Concentrations of serum amyloid-A (SAA) and haptoglobin (HP) as parameters of inflammatory diseases in cattle. Vet. Q. 1994, 16, 21–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gånheim, C.; Alenius, S.; Waller, K.P. Acute phase proteins as indicators of calf herd health. Vet. J. 2007, 173, 645–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giannetto, C.; Fazio, F.; Casella, S.; Marafioti, S.; Giudice, E.; Piccione, G. Acute phase protein response during road transportation and lairage at a slaughterhouse in feedlot beef cattle. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2011, 73, 1531–1534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murata, H.; Shimada, N.; Yoshioka, M. Current research on acute phase proteins in veterinary diagnosis: An overview. Vet. J. 2004, 168, 28–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ridker, P.M. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: Potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevevtion of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2001, 103, 1813–1818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watts, G.F.; Crook, M.A.; Haq, S.; Mandalia, S. Serum sialic acid as an indicator of change in coronary artery disease. Metabolism 1995, 44, 147–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deveci, H.A.; Kükürt, A.; Uzlu, E.; Sozduutmaz, I.; Merhan, O.; Aktas, S.; Alpay, M.; Kaya, I.; Karapehlivan, M. Evaluation of paraoxonase activity, total sialic acid and oxidative stress in sheep with ecthyma contagiosa. Kafkas. Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 2017, 23, 453–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deveci, H.A.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.; Makav, M.; Karapehlivan, M. Determination of serum paraoxonase activity, total sialic acid concentration, and oxidative status in cattle with clinical mastitis. Int. J. Vet. Sci. 2017, 6, 136–140. [Google Scholar]
- Kuru, M.; Kükürt, A.; Akyüz, E.; Oral, H. Paraoxonase activities, total sialic acid concen-tration and lipid profile after use of controlled internal drug release (CIDR) in Gurcu goats. Int. J. Vet. Sci. 2020, 9, 517–522. [Google Scholar]
- Otsuka, M.; Nishi, Y.; Tsukano, K.; Tsuchiya, M.; Lakritz, J.; Suzuki, K. Sequential changes in hepatic mRNA abundance and serum concentration of serum amyloid A in cattle with acute inflammation caused by endotoxin. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2020, 82, 1006–1011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Otsuka, M.; Sugiyama, M.; Ito, T.; Tsukano, K.; Oikawa, S.; Suzuki, K. Diagnostic utility of measuring serum amyloid A with a latex agglutination turbidimetric immunoassay in bovine mastitis: Comparison with haptoglobin and alpha 1 acid glycoprotein. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2021, 83, 329–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sasazaki, N.; Obi, T.; Aridome, C.; Fujimoto, Y.; Furumoto, M.; Toda, K.; Hasunuma, H.; Matsumoto, D.; Sato, S.; Okawa, H.; et al. Effects of dietary feed supplementation of heat-treated Lactobacillus sakei HS-1 on the health status, blood parameters, and fecal microbes of Japanese Black calves. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2020, 82, 1428–1435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shinya, U.; Iwamura, Y.; Yamato, O.; Pambudi, D.; Widodo, O.S.; Taniguchi, M.; Takagi, M. Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations of healthy and clinically diseased Japanese Black breeding cattle-preliminary measurements for determining the cut-off concentrations. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tamamoto, T.; Ohno, K.; Ohmi, A.; Goto-Koshino, Y.; Tsujimoto, H. Verification of measurement of the feline serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration by human SAA turbidimetric immunoassay and its clinical application. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2008, 70, 1247–1252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsukano, K.; Fukuda, T.; Ikeda, K.; Sato, K.; Suzuki, K. Serum iron concentration is candidate inflammatory marker for respiratory disease in beef cows. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2021, 83, 824–828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsukano, K.; Suzuki, K. Serum iron concentration is a useful biomarker for assessing the level of inflammation that causes systemic symptoms in bovine acute mastitis similar to plasma haptoglobin. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2020, 82, 1440–1444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ceciliani, F.; Ceron, J.J.; Eckersall, P.D.; Sauerwein, H. Acute phase protein in ruminants. J. Proteom. 2012, 75, 4207–4231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horadagoda, N.U.; Knox, K.M.; Gibbs, H.A.; Reid, S.W.; Horadagoda, A.; Edwards, S.E.; Eckersall, P.D. Acute phase proteins in cattle: Discrimination between acute and chronic inflammation. Vet. Rec. 1999, 144, 437–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Petersen, H.H.; Nielsen, J.P.; Heegaard, P.M.H. Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry. Vet. Res. 2004, 35, 163–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abdallah, A.; Hewson, J.; Francoz, D.; Selim, H.; Buczinski, S. Systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and fibrinogen versus clinical reference standards for the diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2016, 30, 1356–1368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Symptom of the Cattle | SAA (mg/L) | WBC | Lymphocyte (%) | α-Globulin (g/dL) | Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | Sialic Acid (mg/dL) | Fe (μg/dL) | TP (g/dL) | ALB (g/dL) | A/G | FFA (μEq/dL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bronchitis (1) | 324.1 | 8900 | 25 ↓ | 2.03 ↑ | 1100 ↑ | 66.1 ↑ | 26.4 ↓ | 7.17 | 3.51 | 0.96 | 962.8 ↑ |
Rumen retention | 235.3 | 11,400 ↑ | 44 | 1.76 ↑ | 900 ↑ | 56.7 | 55.8 ↓ | 6.56 | 3.01 | 0.85 | 302.9 |
Birth canal laceration | 136.1 | 4200 | 47 | 1.71 ↑ | 1100 ↑ | 52.2 | 15.9 ↓ | 7.4 | 3.79 | 1.05 | 770.8 |
Bronchitis (2) | 131.7 | 11,500 ↑ | 28 ↓ | 2.61 ↑ | 800 ↑ | 75.1 ↑ | 24.3 ↓ | 8.81 ↑ | 2.28 ↓ | 0.35 ↓ | 218.5 |
Bronchitis (3) | 118.7 | 8800 | 25 ↓ | 2.43 ↑ | 1500 ↑ | 68.2 ↑ | 74.8 ↓ | 7.83 | 2.94 ↓ | 0.60 ↓ | 196.4 |
Enteritis | 118 | 5600 | 35 | 2.02 ↑ | 1000 ↑ | 61.9 ↑ | 21.6 ↓ | 7.92 | 3.08 | 0.64 ↓ | 987.5 ↑ |
Outliers (%) | 100 | 33 | 50 | 100 | 100 | 66 | 100 | 16.6 | 33 | 50 | 33 |
SAA (mg/L) | WBC | Lymphocyte (%) | α-Globulin (g/dL) | Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | Sialic Acid (mg/dL) | Fe (μg/dL) | TP (g/dL) | ALB (g/dL) | A/G | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Toxemia of pregnancy (1) | 6.7 | 2800 | 48 | 1.35 ↑ | 700 | 49.9 | 126.6 | 9.31 ↑ | 3.39 | 0.57 ↓ |
Toxemia of pregnancy (2) | 9.7 | 9400 | 53 | 1.47 ↑ | 500 | 54 | 155.3 | 7.01 | 3.26 | 0.73 |
Anemia (1) | 7.8 | 7400 | 43 | 1.35 ↑ | 600 | 56.8 | 19.9 ↓ | 3.96 ↓ | 1.53 ↓ | 0.63 ↓ |
Anemia (2) | 8.3 | 9800 | 55 | 1.62 ↑ | 800 ↑ | 50.7 | 344.8 | 8.15 ↑ | 3.03 | 0.59 ↓ |
Cardiac disease | 8.9 | 10,100 ↑ | 42 | 1.91 ↑ | 1200 ↑ | 56.6 | 37.1 ↓ | 7.18 | 2.53 ↓ | 0.54 ↓ |
Urological disease | 10.1 | 15,900 ↑ | 54 | 1.79 ↑ | 500 | 56.8 | 97.9 | 7.67 | 3.65 | 0.91 |
Lochia stagnation | 11.3 | 20,200 ↑ | 28 ↓ | 1.75 ↑ | 900 ↑ | 53 | 155.7 | 7.2 | 3.15 | 0.78 |
Ruminal indigestion | 17.1 | 11,000 ↑ | 21 ↓ | 1.44 ↑ | 400 | 47.1 | 35.8 ↓ | 6.44 | 2.59 ↓ | 0.67 |
Outliers (%) | 100 | 50 | 25 | 100 | 37 | 0 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 50 |
SAA (mg/L) | Chronic Inflammation (TP ≥ 8.0 mg/dL; γ-Globulin ≥ 3.2 g/dL) | Main Abnormal Parameter or Clinical Symptoms | Other Findings | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Toxemia of pregnancy (1) | 6.7 | √ | FFA ≥ 1000 μEq/dL; 3HB ≥ 1000 μmol/L | After the examination, the calf with bicephalic malformation was delivered by caesarean section |
Toxemia of pregnancy (2) | 9.7 | × | FFA ≥ 1000 μEq/dL; 3HB ≥ 1000 μmol/L | Acute bloating developed when the patient was caught in a fence and the patient could not stand up |
Anemia (1) | 7.8 | × | Ht = 9.0%; RBC = 189 × 104 | − |
Anemia (2) | 8.3 | √ | Ht = 9.0%; RBC = 173 × 104 | − |
Cardiac disease | 8.9 | × | Heart murmur; Transvenous distention | − |
Urological disease | 10.1 | × | BUN = 72.4 mg/dL; AST = 124.8 IU/L | − |
Lochia stagnation | 11.3 | √ | − | Post-abortion lochia stagnation |
Ruminal indigestion | 17.1 | × | Ht = 48.0%; Ca = 6.8 mg/dL | − |
Case 1 | Case 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2nd Sick Day | 5th Sick Day | 2nd Sick Day | 8th Sick Day | |
TP (g/dL) | 7.3 | 6 | 7.5 | 3.7 ↓ |
ALB (g/dL) | 4.1 ↑ | 3.4 | 3.8 ↑ | 1.3 ↓ |
A/G | 1.24 | 1.34 | 1.04 | 0.55 ↓ |
AST (IU/L) | 107.9 ↑ | 333.8 ↑ | 330.4 ↑ | 199.5 ↑ |
GGT (IU/L) | 28.6 | 19.6 | 11.5 | 6.3 |
T-Chol (mg/dL) | 109.6 | 70.6 | 158.4 | 218.9 ↑ |
Glu (mg/dL) | 391.9 ↑ | 100.5 | 65.9 ↑ | 55.8 |
FFA (μEq/L) | Over the limit | 909.2 ↑ | 808.2 ↑ | 531.0 ↑ |
BUN (mg/dL) | 88.5 ↑ | 7.9 | 8.4 | 85.5 ↑ |
Bill (mg/dL) | 1.8 ↑ | 0.2 | 0.4 ↑ | 0.2 |
Ca (mg/dL) | 9.1 ↓ | 9.9 | 10.2 ↓ | 5.6 ↓ |
IP (mg/dL) | 7.7 | 4.2 | 7.2 | 7.3 |
Mg (mg/dL) | 3.3 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 2.2 |
Fe (μg/dL) | 43 | 73.1 | 135 | 78.0 ↑ |
Sialic acid (mg/dL) | 121.1 ↑ | 86.4 ↑ | 43.4 | 38.4 |
SAA (mg/L) * | 114.6 ↑ | 17.8 ↑ | 65.7 ↑ | 366.5 ↑ |
Na (mmol/L) | 116.6 ↓ | 129.1 ↓ | 144.4 | 128.5 ↓ |
K (mmol/L) | 1.64 ↓ | 3.23 | 4.25 | 5.11 |
Cl (mmol/L) | 50.0 ↓ | 103.5 | 101.3 | 93.6 ↓ |
RBC (104) | 1609 ↑ | 1278 | 688 | 709 |
WBC | 41,200 ↑ | 16,800 ↑ | 5900 | 9900 |
Lymphocyte (%) | 10 ↓ | 26 ↓ | 45 | 42 |
α-globulin (g/dL) | 2.05 ↑ | 1.64 ↑ | 1.38 ↑ | 1.41 ↑ |
β-globulin (g/dL) | 1.33 | 0.55 | 0.39 | 0.21 |
γ-globulin | 1.09 | 1.2 | 2.33 | 1.04 |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 800 ↑ | 700 | 900 ↑ | 1500 ↑ |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Shinya, U.; Yamato, O.; Iwamura, Y.; Kato, T.; Hamada, Y.; Widodo, O.S.; Taniguchi, M.; Takagi, M. Usefulness of Measuring Serum Amyloid A Concentration in Japanese Black Cattle in Clinical Practice. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 528. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10080528
Shinya U, Yamato O, Iwamura Y, Kato T, Hamada Y, Widodo OS, Taniguchi M, Takagi M. Usefulness of Measuring Serum Amyloid A Concentration in Japanese Black Cattle in Clinical Practice. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(8):528. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10080528
Chicago/Turabian StyleShinya, Urara, Osamu Yamato, Yuka Iwamura, Tomohiro Kato, Yuhei Hamada, Oky Setyo Widodo, Masayasu Taniguchi, and Mitsuhiro Takagi. 2023. "Usefulness of Measuring Serum Amyloid A Concentration in Japanese Black Cattle in Clinical Practice" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 8: 528. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10080528