Congenital Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs and Cats: Classification, Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy of the Portal Venous System
3. Classification of Congenital Portosystemic Shunts
4. Pathophysiology
5. Signalment
6. Clinical Signs/Physical Examination
7. Diagnosis
7.1. Hematology
7.2. Coagulation Profile
7.3. Serum Biochemistry
7.4. Urinalysis
7.5. Liver Function Tests
8. Histopathology
9. Diagnostic Imaging
10. Differential Diagnosis
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Anatomic Classification of Extrahepatic Congenital Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs * | |
---|---|
Splenophrenic | |
Splenoazygos | |
Right gastro-caval | |
Splenocaval | |
Right gastrocaval with a caudal loop | |
Gastrophrenic | |
Left gastroazygos | |
Colonocaval | |
Portocaval | |
Anatomic classification of intrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs | |
Traditional anatomic classification of intrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs ** | |
Right divisional | |
Left divisional | |
Central divisional | |
Anatomic subclassification of intrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs ** | |
Shunt Type | Insertion |
Right divisional | Right lateral hepatic vein |
Caudate hepatic vein | |
Left divisional | Left hepatic vein |
Left phrenic vein | |
Central divisional | Quadrate hepatic vein |
Central hepatic vein | |
Dorsal right medial hepatic vein | |
Ventral aspect of caudal vena cava | |
Multiple | Variable |
Anatomic classification of intrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs *** | |
Left, right, central divisional Aneurysmal intrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts One or more portosystemic shunts in a single liver lobe Multiple portosystemic shunts in several liver lobes |
Grade | Clinical Signs |
---|---|
0 | Asymptomatic |
I | Mild decrease in mobility, apathy, or both |
II | Severe apathy, mild ataxia |
III | Hypersalivation, severe ataxia, head pressing, blindness, circling |
IV | Seizures, stupors, or coma |
Precipitating Factors |
---|
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage |
Transfusion of stored blood |
High-protein diet |
Constipation |
Hypokalemia |
Hyponatremia |
Metabolic Alkalosis |
Dehydration |
Infection |
Sepsis |
Various Drugs (e.g., diuretics, opioids) |
Non-compliance with medical treatment |
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Konstantinidis, A.O.; Patsikas, M.N.; Papazoglou, L.G.; Adamama-Moraitou, K.K. Congenital Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs and Cats: Classification, Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020160
Konstantinidis AO, Patsikas MN, Papazoglou LG, Adamama-Moraitou KK. Congenital Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs and Cats: Classification, Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(2):160. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020160
Chicago/Turabian StyleKonstantinidis, Alexandros O., Michail N. Patsikas, Lysimachos G. Papazoglou, and Katerina K. Adamama-Moraitou. 2023. "Congenital Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs and Cats: Classification, Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 2: 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020160