A Dataset of Students’ Mental Health and Help-Seeking Behaviors in a Multicultural Environment
Abstract
:1. Summary
2. Data Description
2.1. Socio-Demographic Information
2.2. Mental Health Conditions
2.3. Help-Seeking Behaviors
2.4. Potential Research Questions
- Lack of studies regarding mental health conditions and help-seeking behaviors in Japan.
- Lack of comparative studies between domestic and international students in the literature.
- Lack of studies regarding the effects of acculturation on domestic students.
- Lack of studies examining the mental health conditions and help-seeking behaviors of international students originating from various countries and regions.
3. Methods
3.1. Data Collection
3.2. Data Analysis
# For international students | |
> inter$lnDep < −log(inter$ToDep + 1) | |
> LinearRegression1 < −lm(lnDep~ToAS+ToSC, data = inter) | |
> summary(LinearRegression1) | |
# For domestic students | |
> Dom$lnDep < −log(Dom$ToDep + 1) | |
> LinearRegression2 < −lm(lnDep~Total.AS+ToSC, data = Dom) | |
> summary(LinearRegression2) |
> library (ggiraph) | |
> library (ggiraphExtra) | |
> library (plyr) | |
# For international students | |
> ggplot (inter, aes(y = lnDep, x = ToAS, color = ToSC)) + geom_point () + stat_smooth(method = “lm”, se = FALSE) | |
> ggPredict (LinearRegression1,interactive = TRUE) | |
# For domestic students | |
> ggplot (Dom, aes (y = lnDep, x = ToAS, color = ToSC)) +geom_point() + stat_smooth (method = “lm”, se = FALSE) | |
ggPredict (LinearRegression2, interactive = TRUE) |
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Table of Acronyms
Acronyms | Definition |
APU | Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University |
ASSIS | Acculturative Stress Scale for International Students |
GHSQ | General Health Help-Seeking Questionnaire |
PHQ-9 | Patient Health Questionnaire |
SCS | Social Connectedness Scale |
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Coded Name | Explanation | Unit | Frequency | Proportion |
---|---|---|---|---|
inter_dom | Types of students: International student (Inter) or domestic student (Dom) | Inter | 201 | 75.00% |
Dom | 67 | 25.00% | ||
Region | Regions where students originally come from: Japan (JAP), East Asia excluding Japan (EA), South Asia (EA), South East Asia (SEA) or other regions (Others) | JAP | 69 | 25.75% |
SA | 18 | 6.72% | ||
EA | 48 | 17.91% | ||
SEA | 122 | 45.52% | ||
Others | 11 | 4.10% | ||
Gender | Gender of students: Male or Female | Male | 98 | 36.57% |
Female | 170 | 63.43% | ||
Academic | The current academic level of students: Undergraduate (Under) or Graduate School (Grad) | Under | 247 | 92.16% |
Grad | 21 | 7.84% | ||
Stay_Cate | How long students have been at the university: 1 year (Short), 2–3 years (Medium) or at least 4 years (Long) | Short | 115 | 42.91% |
Medium | 121 | 45.15% | ||
Long | 32 | 11.94% | ||
Japanese_cate | Self-evaluation scale ranging from 1 to 5 regarding Japanese proficiency: High (4 to 5), Medium (3) or Low (1 to 2) | High | 87 | 32.46% |
Average | 89 | 33.21% | ||
Low | 92 | 34.33% | ||
English_cate | Self-evaluation scale ranging from 1 to 5 regarding English proficiency: High (4 to 5), Medium (3) or Low (1 to 2) | High | 166 | 61.94% |
Average | 80 | 29.85% | ||
Low | 22 | 8.21% | ||
Intimate | Whether students have an intimate partner or not | Yes | 103 | 38.43% |
No | 157 | 58.58% | ||
Religion | Whether students are religious or not | Yes | 91 | 33.96% |
No | 177 | 66.04% | ||
Suicide | Whether students have suicidal Ideation in the last 2 weeks or not (based on a question in PHQ-9) | 61 | 61 | 22.76% |
207 | 207 | 77.24% | ||
Dep | Whether students reported having depressive symptoms based on PHQ-9 criteria | Yes | 96 | 35.82% |
No | 172 | 64.18% | ||
DepType | Types of depressive disorder based on PHQ-9 criteria: Major depressive disorder (Major), Other depressive disorder (Other), and no depressive disorder (No) | Major | 42 | 15.67% |
Other | 54 | 20.15% | ||
No | 172 | 64.18% | ||
DepSev | The severity of depressive disorder based on PHQ-9 criteria: Minimal depression (Min), Mild depression (Mild), Moderate depression (Mod), Moderately severe depression (ModSev), Severe depression (Sev) | Min | 65 | 24.25% |
Mild | 107 | 39.93% | ||
Mod | 73 | 27.24% | ||
ModSev | 15 | 5.60% | ||
Sev | 8 | 2.99% | ||
Partner_bi | Whether students are willing to seek help from an intimate partner when they encounter emotional difficulties | Yes | 145 | 54.10% |
No | 123 | 45.90% | ||
Friends_bi | Whether students are willing to seek help from friends when they encounter emotional difficulties | Yes | 128 | 47.76% |
No | 140 | 52.24% | ||
Parents_bi | Whether students are willing to seek help from parents when they encounter emotional difficulties | Yes | 137 | 51.12% |
No | 131 | 48.88% | ||
Relative_bi | Whether students are willing to seek help from relatives when they encounter emotional difficulties | Yes | 66 | 24.63% |
No | 202 | 75.37% | ||
Professional_bi | Whether students are willing to seek help from professionals when they encounter emotional difficulties | Yes | 61 | 22.76% |
No | 207 | 77.24% | ||
Phone_bi | Whether students are willing to seek help from phone helpline when they encounter emotional difficulties | Yes | 30 | 11.19% |
No | 238 | 88.81% | ||
Doctor_bi | Whether students are willing to seek help from a doctor when they encounter emotional difficulties | Yes | 46 | 17.16% |
No | 222 | 82.84% | ||
religion_bi | Whether students are willing to seek help from a religious leader when they encounter emotional difficulties | Yes | 19 | 7.09% |
No | 249 | 92.91% | ||
Alone_bi | Whether students are willing to solve problems by themselves | Yes | 65 | 24.25% |
No | 203 | 75.75% | ||
Internet_bi | Whether students are willing to seek help from the Internet when they encounter emotional difficulties | Yes | 45 | 16.79% |
No | 223 | 83.21% | ||
Others_bi | Whether students are willing to seek help from other sources not listed above when they encounter emotional difficulties | Yes | 21 | 7.84% |
No | 247 | 92.16% |
Coded Name | Explanation | Unit | Mean | Min | Max | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Current age of students | Age | 20.87 | 17 | 31 | 2.77 |
Stay | How long they have been in the university | Year | 2.15 | 1 | 10 | 1.33 |
Jap | Self-evaluation scale ranging from 1 to 5 regarding Japanese proficiency | Count | 3.10 | 1 | 5 | 1.31 |
Eng | Self-evaluation scale ranging from 1 to 5 regarding English proficiency | Count | 3.65 | 1 | 5 | 0.88 |
ToDep | Total score of depression measured by PHQ-9 | Count | 8.19 | 0 | 25 | 4.95 |
ToSC | Total social connectedness measured by SCS | Count | 37.47 | 8 | 48 | 9.23 |
APD | The total score of perceived discrimination measured by ASISS questionnaire | Count | 15.41 | 8 | 39 | 6.17 |
AHome | The total score of homesickness measured by ASISS questionnaire | Count | 9.61 | 4 | 20 | 4.01 |
APH | The total score of perceived hatred measured by ASISS questionnaire | Count | 9.14 | 5 | 25 | 4.19 |
AFear | The total score of fear measured by ASISS questionnaire | Count | 7.26 | 4 | 17 | 3.11 |
ACS | The total score of culture shock measured by ASISS questionnaire | Count | 6.06 | 3 | 13 | 2.60 |
AGuilt | The total score of guilt measured by ASISS questionnaire | Count | 3.78 | 2 | 10 | 1.91 |
AMiscell | The total score of miscellaneous measured by ASISS questionnaire | Count | 21.12 | 10 | 47 | 7.40 |
ToAS | Total score of Acculturative Stress | Count | 72.38 | 36 | 145 | 22.64 |
Partner | Willingness to seek help from an intimate partner when students encounter emotional difficulties | Count | 4.32 | 1 | 7 | 2.23 |
Friends | Willingness to seek help from friends when students encounter emotional difficulties | Count | 4.06 | 1 | 7 | 1.94 |
Parents | Willingness to seek help from parents when students encounter emotional difficulties | Count | 4.37 | 1 | 7 | 2.07 |
Relative | Willingness to seek help from relatives or family members when students encounter emotional difficulties | Count | 3.07 | 1 | 7 | 1.85 |
Profess | Willingness to seek help from professionals when students encounter emotional difficulties | Count | 2.95 | 1 | 7 | 1.83 |
Phone | Willingness to seek help from phone line when students encounter emotional difficulties | Count | 2.29 | 1 | 7 | 1.53 |
Doctor | Willingness to seek help from doctors when students encounter emotional difficulties | Count | 2.67 | 1 | 7 | 1.71 |
Reli | Willingness to seek help from religious leader when students encounter emotional difficulties | Count | 1.92 | 1 | 7 | 1.41 |
Alone | Willingness to solve problems by themselves when students encounter emotional difficulties | Count | 2.94 | 1 | 7 | 2.03 |
Others | Willingness to seek help from other sources not listed above when students encounter emotional difficulties | Count | 2.14 | 1 | 7 | 1.50 |
Internet | Willingness to seek help from the internet when students encounter emotional difficulties | Count | 3.02 | 1 | 7 | 1.64 |
Research Questions | What are the socio-demographic determinants of acculturative stress/ social connectedness among international and domestic students? |
What kind of help-seeking behaviors can help ease the depressive symptoms and acculturative stress among international and domestic students? | |
What is the difference in depression prevalence among people from different origins? | |
What are the determinants of suicidal ideation among international and domestic students? | |
Hypotheses | Having a religion is positively correlated with social connectedness among domestic and international students |
Having an intimate relationship is negatively correlated with acculturative stress among domestic and international students | |
Language proficiencies are significantly correlated with depression and acculturative stress among domestic and international students |
Research Questions | What are the socio-demographic determinants of depression among international and domestic students? |
What is the difference between the prevalence of depression between international and domestic students? | |
What are the impacts of acculturative stress on help-seeking behaviors among international and domestic students? | |
Hypotheses | Depression and social connectedness are significantly correlated among domestic students and international students |
Acculturative stress and social connectedness are significantly correlated among domestic students and international students | |
Depression and acculturative stress are significantly correlated among domestic and international students |
International Students | Domestic Students | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
t-value | t-value | |||
Intercept | 2.662 | 7.583 *** | 2.339 | 4.06 *** |
Social Connectedness | −0.028 | −4.865 *** | −0.027 | −2.817 ** |
Acculturative stress | 0.005 | 2.264 * | 0.011 | 2.567 * |
R2 | 0.23 | 0.33 | ||
F (df) | F (2.198) = 31.17 *** | F (2.64) = 16.21 |
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Share and Cite
Nguyen, M.-H.; Ho, M.-T.; Nguyen, Q.-Y.T.; Vuong, Q.-H. A Dataset of Students’ Mental Health and Help-Seeking Behaviors in a Multicultural Environment. Data 2019, 4, 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/data4030124
Nguyen M-H, Ho M-T, Nguyen Q-YT, Vuong Q-H. A Dataset of Students’ Mental Health and Help-Seeking Behaviors in a Multicultural Environment. Data. 2019; 4(3):124. https://doi.org/10.3390/data4030124
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Minh-Hoang, Manh-Toan Ho, Quynh-Yen T. Nguyen, and Quan-Hoang Vuong. 2019. "A Dataset of Students’ Mental Health and Help-Seeking Behaviors in a Multicultural Environment" Data 4, no. 3: 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/data4030124