Preventing and Mitigating Alcohol Toxicity: A Review on Protective Substances
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Global Alcohol Consumption
2. Alcohol Metabolism and Toxicity
2.1. Key Organs, Pathways, and Metabolic Processes
2.2. Adverse Effects of Alcohol Consumption in Human Health
2.2.1. Drunkenness
2.2.2. Hangover
2.2.3. Intoxication and Metabolic Long-Term Damage
2.3. Molecular and Physiological Pathways on a Time-Scale Basis
- Level I: from sober to sustained metabolization (1–2),
- Level II: from sustained metabolization to drunkenness,
- Level III: from drunkenness to hangover (withdrawal),
- Level IV: chronic intoxication.
3. Alcohol Toxicity Prevention and Relief
3.1. Drunkenness Prevention and Relief
3.2. Hangover Prevention and Relief
4. Known Compounds for Alcohol Toxicity Mitigation
4.1. Review Strategy Methodology
4.2. Plant Extracts and Plant Concoctions
Characterised Plant Bioactive Compounds
4.3. Fungi, Bacterial, and Animal Extracts
4.4. Synthetic Drugs and Other Chemicals
4.5. Complex Formulations
5. Key Substances and Key Blockage Points for Mitigation
Timely Mitigation and Preventive Formulations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mitigation Level/Model | Active Component | Production Sources | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
I/h,m,i | isoflavonoids, puerarin, daidzin, daidzein, ibogaine | Extracts of Pueraria lobata, Tabernanthe iboga, Panax ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza and Hypericum perforatum | [37,38,39,40,41] |
I/m,i | Isoflavones, puerarin, daidzein, daidzin, mirificin, and salvianolic acid | Extracts with Kudzu: Hovenia dulcis, Artemisia capillaris, Pueraria thunbergiana, Atractylodes macrocephala, Polyporus umbellatus, Poria cocos, Citrus unshiu, Lycium chinense | [39,41,42] |
II/m | Flavonoids and antioxidants, artemisin, capillarisin, puerarin, hoventins, ampelopsin, laricetrin | JBU extracts: Artemisia capillaris, Pueraria thunbergiana, Hovenia dulcis, Artractylodes macrocephala, Polyporus umbellatus, Poria cocos, Citrus unshiu, Lycium chinense, Panax ginseng, and Silybum maximum | [43] |
II/i,c,m | Viscotoxins, flavonoids, triterpene acids, mistletoe lectins, melanins (lanoline alkane triterpenes), polyphenols, lignans, and coumarins, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, eleutheroside, syringaresinol- di-glucoside, isofraxidin | Extracts: Viscum album L., Inonotus obliquus, Acanthopanax senticosus H. | [139,140,141,142,143] |
II/i | Viscotoxins, flavonoids, triterpene acids, mistletoe lectins, melanins (lanoline alkane triterpenes), polyphenols, lignans, and coumarins, rutin, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid and citric acid | Extracts: Lycium chinense L., Viscum album L., Inonotus obliquus | [139,144] |
II/h,m,i | Coptisine, baicalin, palmatine, berberine, and wogonoside | Orengedokotu: Scutellaria root, Coptis rhizome, Gardenia fruit, and Phellodendron bark | [56,57,58,59] |
II/m | Cinnamic acid, alisol A, and atractyloside III | Goreisan: Aslisma rhizome, A. lancea rhizome, Polyporus sclerotium, Artemisa capilaris flower and Poria sclerotium | [55] |
II/m,i | Benzoic acid, hydroxychavicol, eugenol, and chavibetol | Extracts: Piper beetle leaf | [63,64,65] |
II/m,c | Xanthones and prenyl-flavones | Extracts: Cudrania tricuspidata | [66,67] |
II/h | Dihydromyricetin | Hovenia dulcis | [99] |
II/i,m | Sesamin | Sesame seeds | [100,101] |
II/c,i | Magnolol and honokiol | Bark of Magnolia officinalis | [54,107] |
II/i | Apigenin and alpha-bisabolol | Matricaria recutita | [110] |
II/h,m | Enzyme cocktail: lipases, amilases, dehydrogenases | Biozyme: Bacillus subtilis natto fermented vegetable broth | [112] |
II/h,c | Gluthathione, S-adenosyl-l-methionine, vitamin E | Glutathione enriched yeast and rice embryo | [24,113] |
II/h,i | Phospholipids, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid | Krill and Fish oil extracts | [118,119] |
II/m | Sucralfate | Synthetic | [130] |
II/h | Salvinorin A + Naloxene | Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts + synthetic | [135] |
II/m | Enzymes cocktail + ALDH | Enzyme rich soybeans + microbial ALDH | [145,146] |
II/m | Oxidase, catalase nanocomplexes | Microbial and synthesized | [147] |
II/m,i | Taurine, pantethine, and lipoic acid | Synthetic | [114,123] |
II/c,m | Astaxanthin | Green algae Haematococcus pluvialis, flowers of Tagetes erecta, yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, and shrimp | [95,96,97] |
III/m | Flavonoids and antioxidants, artemisin, capillarisin, puerarin, hoventins, ampelopsin, laricetrin | JBU extracts ** | [43] |
III/h | Complex carbohydrates | Fruits, fruit juices, and bread. | [19,46] |
III/h | Electrolytes | Fruit juices, soft drinks, electrolyte solutions. | [46] |
III/h | Tolfenamic acid | Synthetic | [47] |
III/h,m | Ginsenosides | Panax ginseng | [50] |
III/m | Heteropolysaccharides, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid | Hovenia dulcis | [51,95] |
III/m | Cinnamic acid, alisol A, and atractyloside III | Goreisan ** | [55] |
III/h,m,i | Coptisine, baicalin, palmatine, berberine, and wogonoside | Orengendokotu ** | [56,57,58,59] |
III/h | Glycyrrhizin, liquiritin, baicalin, berberine, and glucuronides | Hangeshashinto: Pinellia tuber, Scutellaria root, processed ginger, Glycyrrhiza, Jujube, Ginseng, and Coptis rhizome | [60] |
III/h,m,i | Vitamin C and E, polyphenols, carotenoids, flavonoid such as kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin, taurine, and betalains: betacyanin and betaxanthin | Tuna: Opuntia ficus indica | [90,91,92,93,94] |
III/m,i | Taraxinic acid, cycloartenol, taraxasterol, inulin, eudesmanolides, tetrahydroridentin, guaianolides, dihydrolactucin, ixerin, glucopyranoside, and various triterpenes | Dandelion root extract: Taraxacum officinale | [78,79] |
III/h | Polysaccharides | Acanthopanax senticosus | [82] |
III/c,m | Astaxanthin ** | Green algae Haematococcus pluvialis, flowers of Tagetes erecta, yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, and shrimp | [95,96,97] |
III/h | Rutin, hesperidin, and hesperidin-methyl-chalcone | Citrus fruits | [98] |
III/h | Dihydromyricetin | Hovenia dulcis ** | [99] |
III/c,i | Magnolol and honokiol | Bark of Magnolia officinalis ** | [54,107] |
III/m | Rosiglitazone | Synthetic | [125] |
III/h | Acetaminophen or aspirin + dextrose + caffeine + magnesium | Synthetic cocktail | [126] |
III/h | Naproxen sodium + loratadine, cetirizine, ranitidine or famotidine, + B complex + magnesium | Synthetic cocktail | [127] |
III/h | Mesna and dimesna (sodium ethane sulfonates) | Synthetic | [128] |
III/h | B complex + amino acids + lecithin glycerophospholipids | synthetic and plant extracts | [129] |
III/h | l-glutamine, l-cysteine, fumaric acid, succinic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin B1 | Young barley grass juice powder | [137,138] |
III/i,m | Taurine + sodium citrate + flavour compounds + sugars | Soft carbonated citrus and ginger drinks | [122,123] |
III/h | Vitamin B6 | Synthetic | [124] |
IV/m | Heteropolysaccharides, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid | Hovenia dulcis ** | [51,95] |
IV/h | Zinc + plant extracts | Cinchona oficinalis, Lobelia inflata, Nux vomica, Quercus glandium spiritus, Ranunculus bulbosus, and Rhododendron crysanthum | [52] |
IV/h | Quinidine | Cinchona pubescens | [53] |
IV/i,c,m | Viscotoxins, flavonoids, triterpene acids, mistletoe lectins, melanins (lanoline alkane triterpenes), polyphenols, lignans, and coumarins, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, eleutheroside, syringaresinol-di-glucoside, isofraxidin | Extracts **: Viscum album L. + Inonotus obliquus + Acanthopanax senticosus H. | [139,140,141,142,143] |
IV/i | Viscotoxins, flavonoids, triterpene acids, mistletoe lectins, melanins (lanoline alkane triterpenes), polyphenols, lignans, and coumarins, rutin, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid and citric acid | Extracts **: Lycium chinense L. + Viscum album L. + Inonotus obliquus | [139,144] |
IV/m,i | Hydroxycitric acid , garcinol, iso-garcinol, hydroxycitric acid lactone, citric acid, oxalic acid, xanthochymol, iso-xanthochymol, and benzhophenone | Kokum: Gracinia indica | [61,62] |
IV/m | Phenolic terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic glycosides, sitosterol, and pro-anthocyanidins oligomers | Volatile oil Origanum majorana L. and grape seed extract Vitis vinifera L. | [83] |
IV/m,i | Catechins, epicatechins, anthocyanidins, proanthocyanidins, and resveratrol | Grape juice | [84] |
IV/m | Caffeic acid, polyphenols and melanoidins | Coffee | [87,88] |
IV/i | Allyl sulfides, allyl cysteines, furtosyl aminoacids, allixinm, selenium, thb-carbolines | Black garlic, Allium sativum | [89] |
IV/i | Alkaloids: Boldine | Peumus boldus | [71] |
IV/m,i | Saponins and anthraquinones | Sapindus mukorossi and Rheum emodi | [68] |
IV/m,i | Achrosin, emodin, anthraquinones, anthrones, apigenin, aurantiobtusin, campesterol, cassiollin chryso-obtusin, chrysophanic acid, chrysarobin, chrysophanol, chrysoeriol | Kasondi extracts: Cassia occidentalis L. | [69,70] |
IV/c | Trolox | Synthetic | [24] |
IV/m | Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, triacontanal and tricontanol | Phyllanthus amarus Schum. et. Thonn | [72] |
IV/c,i | Apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin | Extract: Fenugreek seed Trigonella foenum graecum | [73,74,75] |
IV/i,m | Curcumins | Curcumin: rhizome of Curcuma longa | [76] |
IV/m | Luteloin, myo-inositol, chrysoeriol, epidermin, quebrachitol | Cardiospermum halicacabum L. | [77] |
IV/m,i | Taraxinic acid, cycloartenol, taraxasterol, inulin, eudesmanolides, tetrahydroridentin, guaianolides, dihydrolactucin, ixerin, taraxinic acid, glucopyranoside, and various triterpenes | Dandelion root extract: Taraxacum officinale ** | [78,79] |
IV/m | Lupeol, betulin, sitosterol, and stigmasterol | Hygrophila auriculata root | [80,81] |
IV/i,m | Sesamin | Sesame seeds ** | [100,101] |
IV/h,m,i | Sylymarin | Silybum marianum | [102,103,104,105] |
IV/m,i | Crocetin | Gardenia jaminoides E. | [106] |
IV/h | Picroside I & II | Kutaki: Picrorhiza kurroa | [108] |
IV/c | Rubiadin | Rubia cordifolia Linn | [109] |
IV/m | Apigenin and alpha-bisabolol | Matricaria recutita** | [110] |
IV/m,i | Crocetin | Gardenia jaminoides E. | [106] |
IV/h | Picroside I & II | Kutaki: Picrorhiza kurroa | [108] |
IV/c | Rubiadin | Rubia cordifolia Linn | [109] |
IV/m | Apigenin and alpha-bisabolol | Matricaria recutita ** | [110] |
IV/m,i | Dioscin | Rhizomes of Tamus communis and Dioscorea communis | [111] |
IV/h,m,i | Flavonoids, chalcones and terpenoids, acacetin, apigenin, quercetin, naringenin, or pinobanksin | Red propolis | [115,116,117] |
IV/m,c | Cytoglobin | Human recombinant expressed in E. coli | [120] |
IV/h | Antioxidant precursors: Selenium, zinc, copper, vanadium, iron, and magnesium | Synthetic | [121] |
IV/m | Bicyclol | Synthetic | [131] |
IV/m | Artemisinin | Artemisia annua | [132] |
IV/m | Diallyl sulfide | Synthesized and Allium sp. plants | [133] |
IV/m | Propionyl l-carnitine and acetyl l-carnitine | Synthetized | [134] |
IV/h,i | Zinc | Various sources (in combination with plant extracts) | [52,136] |
IV/i | Phycocyanobilin | Spirulina | [114] |
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Martinez-Hurtado, J.L.; Calo-Fernandez, B.; Vazquez-Padin, J. Preventing and Mitigating Alcohol Toxicity: A Review on Protective Substances. Beverages 2018, 4, 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages4020039
Martinez-Hurtado JL, Calo-Fernandez B, Vazquez-Padin J. Preventing and Mitigating Alcohol Toxicity: A Review on Protective Substances. Beverages. 2018; 4(2):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages4020039
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartinez-Hurtado, Juan Leonardo, Bruno Calo-Fernandez, and Jose Vazquez-Padin. 2018. "Preventing and Mitigating Alcohol Toxicity: A Review on Protective Substances" Beverages 4, no. 2: 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages4020039