Is Binge Drinking Prevalent in Greece after the Emergence of the Economic Crisis? Assessment of This Idea Using the Theory of Planned Behavior
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Theoretical Background
1.2. The Theory of Planned Behavior Model
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Hypotheses
2.3. Sample and Data Collection
2.4. Structure of the Questionnaire and Description of Items
- (a)
- “Attitude” is composed of four items ranging from “strongly bad” to “strongly good”. Through these four items, respondents have to assess the consumption of alcohol as a normal habit (ATT1), as a healthy behavior (ATT2), as a source of pleasure (ATT3), and finally as a hazardous behavior (ATT4).
- (b)
- “Subjective norms” are defined by three items ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”. These items concerned the impact of the social environment (family and friends) on alcohol use (SN1), how much the social environment impacted more frequent use of alcohol (SN2) and the impact of the social environment on the relationship between alcohol use and socializing (SN3) [7].
- (c)
- “Behavioral control” is also composed of three items using the same scale as subjective norms. These items were used to measure “Perceived Behavioral Control”. The first concerns the “social pressure”, which leads to or encourages drinking alcohol (PBC1). The two other items are related to self-control, which is analyzed as follows:
- -
- The ability to refuse to drink when there is motivation to do so from friends or peers (PBC2) and
- -
- The use of alcohol to overcome financial and other social problems due to the economic crisis (PBC3).
- (d)
- Two other items allowed us to evaluate the drinking intention. The first one indicates to what extent the participant prefers to go out with the clear intention of drinking alcohol by choosing a place devoted to alcoholic consumption (INT1). The second indicates to what extent the participant intends to drink (INT2) when going out to other places of entertainment (as restaurant). These two items are measured on a scale from 1 “not at all” to 5 “absolutely”.
- (e)
- Finally, the drinking behavior was assessed via two open-ended questions: “How many times a month you drink alcohol?” (BEH1) and “On average, how many drinks do you consume each time?” (BEH2).
2.5. Analytic Plan of the Study
3. Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Men | Women | Mean Difference between Men and Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std. Dev. | Mean | Std. Dev. | Mean | Std. Dev. | ||
Normal habit (ATT1) | 3.51 | 1.053 | 3.62 | 1.004 | 3.36 | 1.097 | 0.26 a |
Healthy behavior (ATT2) | 2.83 | 1.000 | 2.91 | 1.013 | 2.74 | 0.974 | 0.17 a |
Source of pleasure (ATT3) | 4.11 | 0.991 | 4.16 | 0.965 | 4.04 | 1.021 | 0.12 |
Hazardous attitude (ATT4) | 3.07 | 1.061 | 3.20 | 1.056 | 2.90 | 1.044 | 0.30 a |
Impression of the social environment as regards alcohol use (SN1) | 3.60 | 1.085 | 3.61 | 1.084 | 3.58 | 1.088 | 0.03 |
Motivation from the social environment (SN2) | 2.94 | 1.092 | 2.98 | 1.105 | 2.88 | 1.075 | 0.10 |
Environment’s appraisal regarding alcohol uses and socializing (SN3) | 3.49 | 1.140 | 3.55 | 1.145 | 3.41 | 1.130 | 0.15 b |
Social pressure encouraging to drink (PBC1) | 3.19 | 1.441 | 3.33 | 1.432 | 3.01 | 1.435 | 0.32 a |
Ability to refuse to drink (PBC2) | 3.06 | 1.328 | 3.20 | 1.350 | 2.87 | 1.277 | 0.33 a |
Use of alcohol to overcome problems (PBC3) | 2.53 | 1.369 | 2.57 | 1.389 | 2.47 | 1.342 | 0.10 |
Clear intention to drink alcohol by choosing a place devoted to this consumption (INT1) | 2.82 | 1.126 | 2.88 | 1.191 | 2.74 | 1.033 | 0.13 |
Intention to drink in other places of entertainment (INT2) | 2.21 | 1.393 | 2.09 | 1.398 | 2.37 | 1.373 | −0.28 a |
Items | Extracted Communalities | Factors—Latent Variables | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | ||
Normal habit (ATT1) | 0.681 | 0.798 * | 0.156 | 0.139 |
Source of pleasure (ATT3) | 0.566 | 0.733 | 0.145 | 0.088 |
Healthy behavior (ATT2) | 0.553 | 0.720 | 0.187 | 0.016 |
Hazardous attitude (ATT4) | 0.521 | 0.683 | 0.204 | 0.114 |
Motivation from the social environment (SN2) | 0.698 | 0.144 | 0.822 | 0.053 |
Impression of the social environment as regards alcohol use (SN1) | 0.697 | 0.265 | 0.791 | 0.038 |
Environment’s appraisal regarding alcohol uses and socializing (SN3) | 0.665 | 0.221 | 0.769 | 0.156 |
Use of alcohol to overcome problems (PBC3) | 0.603 | 0.008 | 0.039 | 0.818 |
Ability to refuse to drink (PBC2) | 0.615 | 0.109 | 0.136 | 0.765 |
Social pressure encouraging to drink (PBC1) | 0.671 | 0.163 | 0.045 | 0.758 |
% of Total variance explained by each factor | 35.1 | 16.1 | 11.5 | |
Cumulative variance | 35.1 | 51.2 | 62.7 |
Constructs | Cronbach α | Items | Mean Value* | Std Dev. | CITC * | Cronbach’s If Item Deleted |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attitude | 0.757 | Normal habit (ATT1) | 3.51 | 1.053 | 0.628 | 0.658 |
Healthy behavior (ATT2) | 2.83 | 1.002 | 0.540 | 0.708 | ||
Source of pleasure (ATT3) | 4.11 | 0.991 | 0.527 | 0.715 | ||
Hazardous attitude (ATT4) | 3.07 | 1.060 | 0.529 | 0.717 | ||
Subjective norms | 0.768 | Impression of the social environment as regards alcohol use (SN1) | 3.60 | 1,085 | 0.623 | 0.662 |
Motivation from the social environment (SN2) | 2.94 | 1.092 | 0.586 | 0.702 | ||
Environment’s appraisal regarding alcohol uses and socializing (SN3) | 3.49 | 1.14 | 0.592 | 0.697 | ||
Behavioral control | 0.699 | Social pressure encouraging to drink (PBC1) | 3.19 | 1,429 | 0.499 | 0.629 |
Ability to refuse to drink (PBC2) | 3.05 | 1.332 | 0.511 | 0.613 | ||
Use of alcohol to overcome problems (PBC3) | 2.44 | 1.348 | 0.536 | 0.580 |
Category of Fit Indexes | Goodness of Fit | Cut-Off |
---|---|---|
1. Absolute indexes | ||
Chi square/df | 2.825 | <2 good, <5 acceptable |
RMSEA | 0.046 | ≤0.06 |
GFI | 0.970 | ≥0.95 |
AGFI | 0.953 | ≥0.90 |
SRMR | 0.034 | ≤0.05 |
2. Incremental indexes | ||
NNFI | 0.966 | ≥0.95 |
CFI | 0.975 | ≥0.95 |
3. Parsimony indexes | ||
PNFI | 0.708 | No common cut-off |
Component | Items | Unstandardized Estimates | Standardized Estimates | t-Values | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attitude (ATT) | Normal habit (ATT1) | 0.81 ** | 0.77 | 23.70 | 0.59 |
Healthy behavior (ATT2) | 0.62 ** | 0.62 | 18.27 | 0.39 | |
Source of pleasure (ATT3) | 0.65 ** | 0.65 | 19.27 | 0.42 | |
Hazardous attitude (ATT4) | 0.65 ** | 0.61 | 17.83 | 0.37 | |
Subjective norms (SN) | Impression of the social environment as regards alcohol use (SN1) | 0.83 ** | 0.77 | 23.09 | 0.59 |
Motivation from the social environment (SN2) | 0.75 ** | 0.68 | 20.16 | 0.47 | |
Environment’s appraisal regarding alcohol uses and socializing (SN3) | 0.82 ** | 0.72 | 21.52 | 0.52 | |
Perceived behavioral control (PBC) | Social pressure encouraging to drink (PBC1) | 0.94 ** | 0.65 | 17.36 | 0.42 |
Ability to refuse to drink (PBC2) | 0.89 ** | 0.67 | 17.84 | 0.45 | |
Use of alcohol to overcome problems (PBC3) | 0.91 ** | 0.66 | 17.66 | 0.44 | |
Intention (INT) | Clear intention to drink alcohol by choosing a place devoted to this consumption (INT1) | 0.96 ** | 0.85 | 13.96 | 0.72 |
Intention to drink in other places of entertainment (INT2) | 0.68 ** | −0.84 | −10.88 | 0.24 | |
Behavior (BEH) | Frequency of alcohol consumption by month (BEH1) | 2.70 ** | 0.67 | 12.87 | 0.45 |
Average consumption each time (BEH2) | 1.43 ** | 0.52 | 11.35 | 0.27 |
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Vlontzos, G.; Duquenne, M.N.; Niavis, S. Is Binge Drinking Prevalent in Greece after the Emergence of the Economic Crisis? Assessment of This Idea Using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Beverages 2017, 3, 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages3010003
Vlontzos G, Duquenne MN, Niavis S. Is Binge Drinking Prevalent in Greece after the Emergence of the Economic Crisis? Assessment of This Idea Using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Beverages. 2017; 3(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages3010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleVlontzos, George, Marie Noelle Duquenne, and Spyros Niavis. 2017. "Is Binge Drinking Prevalent in Greece after the Emergence of the Economic Crisis? Assessment of This Idea Using the Theory of Planned Behavior" Beverages 3, no. 1: 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages3010003