Nanocellulose-Based Inks for 3D Bioprinting: Key Aspects in Research Development and Challenging Perspectives in Applications—A Mini Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nanocelluloses: Origin, Preparation, and Material Properties on Nano-Scale
2.1. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
2.2. Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs)
2.3. Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs)
3. Nanocellulose-Based Bioink: Rheological Properties and Cross-Linking Strategy vs. Ink Fidelity
4. Cell–Matrix Interactions and Delivery of Bioactive Cues in Hydrogel Scaffold Fabricated by 3D Bioprinting of Nanocellulose-Based Bioinks
4.1. Versatile Cellulose Chemistry to Improve Matrix Reactivty
4.2. Cell–Matrix Interactions
4.3. Delivery of Bioactive Cues in the Nanocellulose-Based 3D Bioprinting
5. Challenges and Perspectives for Nanocellulose-Based Inks
Nanocellulose Type | Composition of Inks | Printing Approaches | Cell Lines | Cell Study Results | Potential Applications | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial CNF | CNF + silk + gelatin + glycerol | Hydrogel DIW | L929 fibroblasts cells | The in vitro evaluation showed that the composite scaffolds had excellent biocompatibility, while the in vivo results demonstrated that the hierarchical pore structure was beneficial to the ingrowth of tissue | Repair of soft tissues | [93] |
CNF | CNF + cross-linkers (CaCl2, Chitosan oligosaccharides, Poly-l-lysine, protamine) | Inkjet spray, cell-laden | Mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3), human embryonic kidney cells (293A), and human newborn foreskin fibroblasts (Hs68) | cell viability, metabolic activity, and collagen type I secretion were evaluated in the printed objects | Skin tissue mimics | [94] |
CNF | CNF + CMC/Alginate | Hydrogel DIW | Human primary pancreatic cells | Promoted cell adhering, aggregation, migration, and support long-term growth of pancreatic cell | Cell culture and disease study | [95] |
CNF | CNF + alginate | Hydrogel DIW, cell-laden | Mouse mesenchymal stem cell line C3H10T1/2 | The cells accumulate more lipids and have increased gene expression of adipogenic marker genes PPARγ and FABP4 than cells cultured using standard 2D method | 3D cell culture of adipocytes | [96] |
Enzymatic CNF | CNF + alginate | Hydrogel DIW, cell-laden | L929 fibroblasts, human nasoseptal chondrocytes (hNC; cell-laden) | Biocompatible and a suitable material for cell culture | Cartilage tissue engineering | [45] |
Enzymatic CNF | CNF + alginate; CNF + hyaluronic acid | Hydrogel DIW | Pluripotent stem cells | NFC/A bioinks were suitable for bioprinting iPSCs to support cartilage production in co-culture with irradiated chondrocytes | To repair damaged cartilage in joints | [56] |
CM-CNF | CNF + Bacterial cellulose (culture medium) | Hydrogel DIW | Fibroblast cells | Healthy growth | Artificial blood vessels and engineered vascular tissue scaffold | [97] |
CM-CNF | Methyltrimethoxysilane hydrophobic CNF matrix-assisted | Hydrogel DIW | A549 lung cancer cells | Sustained healthy cell growth | Open cell culture platform and drug test | [98] |
CM-CNF | CNF, CNF/carbon nanotubes | Hydrogel DIW | SH-SHY5Y human neuroblastoma cells | Pure CNF materials are not cytotoxic | Neural tissue engineering | [99] |
TEMPO-CNF | CNF + Alginate/Ca2+ | Hydrogel DIW | L929 mouse fibroblasts | The reduction of cytotoxicity as the ash content of the pulps and CNFs was reduced | Wound dressing devices | [100] |
TEMPO-CNF | CNF, TEMPO-CNF, Or acetylated TEMPO-CNF | Hydrogel DIW | Cardiac myoblast cells | Enabled the proliferation and attachment of cells | Cellular processes and tissue engineering | [101] |
TEMPO-CNF | CNF + galactoglucomannan methacrylate | Hydrogel DIW | Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells and pancreatic tumor cell line SW-1990 cells | Support the principal cell behaviours including cell viability, adhesion, and proliferation | Tissue engineering, cancer cell research, and high-throughput drug screening | [49] |
TEMPO-CNF | CNF + gelatin methacrylate | Hydrogel DIW | 3T3 fibroblasts cells | Promoted proliferative activity of 3T3 fibroblasts | Wound healing | [48] |
TEMPO-CNF | CNF + gelatin methacrylamide | Hydrogel DIW, cell-laden | NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell-laden | No cytotoxicity, high cell viability | Biomedical scaffolds | [57] |
CNC | CNC + gelatin | Hydrogel DIW | 3T3 fibroblast cells | Support the growth and proliferation of 3T3 cells | Tissue engineering | [102] |
CNC | CNC-gelatin conjugates | Hydrogel DIW | Human breast cancer MCF-7 cells | Not cytotoxic | Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine | [103] |
CNC | CNC + oxidised dextran/gelatin | Hydrogel DIW | 3T3, CCK-8 and Hoechst 33342/PI double-staining assays | Support cell growth and proliferation | Tissue repair | [77] |
CNC | CNC + yeast cell + binder (PEGDA) + photo initiator | Viscous paste DIW, cell-laden | Yeast cell-laden | Long-term viability | Microbial biocatalysts, bioremediation | [104] |
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wang, X.; Wang, Q.; Xu, C. Nanocellulose-Based Inks for 3D Bioprinting: Key Aspects in Research Development and Challenging Perspectives in Applications—A Mini Review. Bioengineering 2020, 7, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7020040
Wang X, Wang Q, Xu C. Nanocellulose-Based Inks for 3D Bioprinting: Key Aspects in Research Development and Challenging Perspectives in Applications—A Mini Review. Bioengineering. 2020; 7(2):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7020040
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xiaoju, Qingbo Wang, and Chunlin Xu. 2020. "Nanocellulose-Based Inks for 3D Bioprinting: Key Aspects in Research Development and Challenging Perspectives in Applications—A Mini Review" Bioengineering 7, no. 2: 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7020040