Preparation, Cytotoxicity, and In Vitro Bioimaging of Water Soluble and Highly Fluorescent Palladium Nanoclusters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis of Pd Nanoclusters
2.3. Characterization
2.4. Cell Culture
2.5. MTT Cytotoxicity
2.6. In vitro Bioimaging of Cancer Cells and Cellular Uptake Studies
3. Results
3.1. Synthesis and Characterization of Pd NCs
3.2. Optical Properties of Pd NCs
3.3. In Vitro Toxicity of Pd NCs
3.4. In Vitro Bioimaging of Pd NCs Internalized HeLa Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wang, H.; Naghavi, M.; Allen, C.; Barber, R.M.; Bhutta, Z.A.; Carter, A.; Casey, D.C.; Charlson, F.J.; Chen, A.Z.; Coates, M.M.; et al. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016, 388, 1459–1544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gamboa, A.C.; Winer, J.H. Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer. Cancers 2019, 11, 1662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mirnezami, R.; Mehta, A.M.; Chandrakumaran, K.; Cecil, T.; Moran, B.J.; Carr, N.; Verwaal, V.J.; Mohamed, F.; Mirnezami, A.H. Cytoreductive surgery in combination with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy improves survival in patients with colorectal peritoneal metastases compared with systemic chemotherapy alone. Br. J. Cancer 2014, 111, 1500–1508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chabner, B.A.; Roberts, T.G. Chemotherapy and the war on cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2005, 5, 65–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hutchinson, L. Chemotherapy and hope of cancer cure: Dying expectations. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2012, 9, 668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tohme, S.; Simmons, R.L.; Tsung, A. Surgery for Cancer: A Trigger for Metastases. Cancer Res. 2017, 77, 1548–1552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, J.; Campbell, R.E.; Ting, A.Y.; Tsien, R.Y. Creating new fluorescent probes for cell biology. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2002, 3, 906–918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vlasceanu, G.; Grumezescu, A.M.; Gheorghe, I.; Chifiriuc, M.C.; Holban, A.M. Chapter 18—Quantum dots for bioimaging and therapeutic applications. In Nanostructures for Novel Therapy; Ficai, D., Grumezescu, A.M., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 497–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, L.; Wang, E. Metal nanoclusters: New fluorescent probes for sensors and bioimaging. Nano Today 2014, 9, 132–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolfbeis, O.S. An overview of nanoparticles commonly used in fluorescent bioimaging. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 4743–4768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bilan, R.; Nabiev, I.; Sukhanova, A. Quantum Dot-Based Nanotools for Bioimaging, Diagnostics, and Drug Delivery. ChemBioChem 2016, 17, 2103–2114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Resch-Genger, U.; Grabolle, M.; Cavaliere-Jaricot, S.; Nitschke, R.; Nann, T. Quantum dots versus organic dyes as fluorescent labels. Nat. Methods 2008, 5, 763–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lu, Y.; Chen, W. Sub-nanometre sized metal clusters: From synthetic challenges to the unique property discoveries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 3594–3623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, G.; Jin, R. Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters as New Model Catalysts. Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 1749–1758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Choi, H.; Chen, Y.-S.; Stamplecoskie, K.G.; Kamat, P.V. Boosting the Photovoltage of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Thiolated Gold Nanoclusters. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6, 217–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, L.; Zhu, J.; Guo, S.; Li, T.; Li, J.; Wang, E. Photoinduced Electron Transfer of DNA/Ag Nanoclusters Modulated by G-Quadruplex/Hemin Complex for the Construction of Versatile Biosensors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 2403–2406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, J.-J.; Zhao, W.-W.; Song, S.; Fan, C.; Chen, H.-Y. Functional nanoprobes for ultrasensitive detection of biomolecules: An update. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 1601–1611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Yu, M.; Zhou, C.; Yang, S.; Ning, X.; Zheng, J. Passive Tumor Targeting of Renal-Clearable Luminescent Gold Nanoparticles: Long Tumor Retention and Fast Normal Tissue Clearance. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 4978–4981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Song, X.-R.; Goswami, N.; Yang, H.-H.; Xie, J. Functionalization of metal nanoclusters for biomedical applications. Analyst 2016, 141, 3126–3140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, L.-Y.; Wang, C.-W.; Yuan, Z.; Chang, H.-T. Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters: Recent Advances in Sensing and Imaging. Anal. Chem. 2015, 87, 216–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gu, H.-Y.; Chen, Z.; Sa, R.-X.; Yuan, S.-S.; Chen, H.-Y.; Ding, Y.-T.; Yu, A.-M. The immobilization of hepatocytes on 24nm-sized gold colloid for enhanced hepatocytes proliferation. Biomaterials 2004, 25, 3445–3451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, Y.; Wang, P.; Luo, L.; Liu, L.; Wang, F. Green Synthesis of Fluorescent Palladium Nanoclusters. Materials 2018, 11, 191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kang, X.; Chong, H.; Zhu, M. Au25(SR)18: The captain of the great nanocluster ship. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 10758–10834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oberkersch, R.E.; Santoro, M.M. Role of amino acid metabolism in angiogenesis. Vascu. Pharmacol. 2019, 112, 17–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chow, E.K.-H.; Ho, D. Cancer Nanomedicine: From Drug Delivery to Imaging. Sci. Transl. Med. 2013, 5, 216rv4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vankayala, R.; Hwang, K.C. Near-Infrared-Light-Activatable Nanomaterial-Mediated Phototheranostic Nanomedicines: An Emerging Paradigm for Cancer Treatment. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1706320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kairdolf, B.A.; Smith, A.M.; Stokes, T.H.; Wang, M.D.; Young, A.N.; Nie, S. Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Bioimaging and Biodiagnostic Applications. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2013, 6, 143–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Schaeublin, N.M.; Braydich-Stolle, L.K.; Schrand, A.M.; Miller, J.M.; Hutchison, J.; Schlager, J.J.; Hussain, S.M. Surface charge of gold nanoparticles mediates mechanism of toxicity. Nanoscale 2011, 3, 410–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yue, Z.-G.; Wei, W.; Lv, P.-P.; Yue, H.; Wang, L.-Y.; Su, Z.-G.; Ma, G.-H. Surface Charge Affects Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Trafficking of Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12, 2440–2446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shang, L.; Yang, L.; Seiter, J.; Heinle, M.; Brenner-Weiss, G.; Gerthsen, D.; Nienhaus, G.U. Nanoparticles Interacting with Proteins and Cells: A Systematic Study of Protein Surface Charge Effects. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 1, 1300079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, G.; Zhou, H.; Mu, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Li, L.; Jiao, P.; Jiang, G.; Yan, B. Effective Surface Charge Density Determines the Electrostatic Attraction between Nanoparticles and Cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 4993–4998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, Y.-Y.; Mao, C.-Q.; Du, X.-J.; Du, J.-Z.; Wang, F.; Wang, J. Surface Charge Switchable Nanoparticles Based on Zwitterionic Polymer for Enhanced Drug Delivery to Tumor. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 5476–5480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Souris, J.S.; Lee, C.-H.; Cheng, S.-H.; Chen, C.-T.; Yang, C.-S.; Ho, J.-A.; Mou, C.-Y.; Lo, L.-W. Surface charge-mediated rapid hepatobiliary excretion of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 5564–5574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- El Badawy, A.M.; Silva, R.G.; Morris, B.; Scheckel, K.G.; Suidan, M.T.; Tolaymat, T.M. Surface Charge-Dependent Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 283–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bendale, Y.; Bendale, V.; Paul, S. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity of platinum nanoparticles against normal and cancer cells and its anticancer potential through induction of apoptosis. Integr. Med. Res. 2017, 6, 141–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrarca, C.; Clemente, E.; Di Giampaolo, L.; Mariani-Costantini, R.; Leopold, K.; Schindl, R.; Lotti, L.V.; Mangifesta, R.; Sabbioni, E.; Niu, Q.; et al. Palladium Nanoparticles Induce Disturbances in Cell Cycle Entry and Progression of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: Paramount Role of Ions. J. Immunol. Res. 2014, 2014, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, S.; Shin, W.; Kang, K.; Choi, M.-H.; Kim, Y.-J.; Kim, Y.-K.; Min, D.-H.; Jang, H. Revisiting of Pd Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment: All-Round Excellence of Porous Pd Nanoplates in Gene-Thermo Combinational Therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 13819–13828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dumas, A.; Couvreur, P. Palladium: A future key player in the nanomedical field? Chem. Sci. 2015, 6, 2153–2157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, Z.; Sun, Q.; Zhu, Y.; Tan, B.; Xu, Z.P.; Dou, S.X. Ultra-small fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles for bioimaging. J. Mater. Chem. B 2014, 2, 2793–2818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bozich, J.S.; Lohse, S.E.; Torelli, M.D.; Murphy, C.J.; Hamers, R.J.; Klaper, R.D. Surface chemistry, charge and ligand type impact the toxicity of gold nanoparticles to Daphnia magna. Environ. Sci. Nano 2014, 1, 260–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Attia, M.F.; Anton, N.; Wallyn, J.; Omran, Z.; Vandamme, T.F. An overview of active and passive targeting strategies to improve the nanocarriers efficiency to tumour sites. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2019, 71, 1185–1198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Govindaraju, S.; Rengaraj, A.; Arivazhagan, R.; Huh, Y.-S.; Yun, K. Curcumin-Conjugated Gold Clusters for Bioimaging and Anticancer Applications. Bioconjug. Chem. 2018, 29, 363–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Le Guével, X.; Spies, C.; Daum, N.; Jung, G.; Schneider, M. Highly fluorescent silver nanoclusters stabilized by glutathione: A promising fluorescent label for bioimaging. Nano Res. 2012, 5, 379–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, D.; Zhao, C.; Ye, J.; Li, Q.; Liu, X.; Su, M.; Jiang, H.; Amatore, C.; Selke, M.; Wang, X. In Situ Biosynthesis of Fluorescent Platinum Nanoclusters: Toward Self-Bioimaging-Guided Cancer Theranostics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 18163–18169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Basu, K.; Gayen, K.; Mitra, T.; Baral, A.; Roy, S.S.; Banerjee, A. Different Color Emissive Copper Nanoclusters for Cancer Cell Imaging. ChemNanoMat 2017, 3, 808–814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaikh, S.; Rehman, F.U.; Du, T.; Jiang, H.; Yin, L.; Wang, X.; Chai, R. Real-Time Multimodal Bioimaging of Cancer Cells and Exosomes through Biosynthesized Iridium and Iron Nanoclusters. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 26056–26063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ge, W.; Zhang, Y.; Ye, J.; Chen, D.; Rehman, F.U.; Li, Q.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, H.; Wang, X. Facile synthesis of fluorescent Au/Ce nanoclusters for high-sensitive bioimaging. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2015, 13, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, L.; Mu, X.; Liu, H.; Wang, Q.; Bai, X.; Wang, J.; Liu, H.; Xu, F.; Jing, Y.; Dai, H.; et al. Structure, luminescence, and bioimaging of bimetallic CuAu nanoclusters. Opt. Mater. 2018, 86, 291–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, M.-N.; Ye, J.; Li, Q.-W.; Li, S.-H.; Ge, W.; Chen, X.; Jiang, H.; Wang, X.-M. Novel in situ biosynthesized fluorescent zinc nanoclusters for specific cellular bio-imaging. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2015, 26, 1400–1402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, A.K.; Pandey, S.; Sharma, N.; Wu, H.-F. Synthesis of fluorescent molybdenum nanoclusters at ambient temperature and their application in biological imaging. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2019, 99, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
S. No | Metal Cluster | Fluorescence Emission (λem) | Cancer Cells | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Au NCs | 650 nm | HeLa cells | [42] |
2 | Ag NCs | 450 nm, 570 nm, 720 nm | A549 cells | [43] |
3 | Pt NCs | 460 nm | HepG2, HeLa, HCT116, A549 cells | [44] |
4 | Cu NCs | 450 nm | OAW42 cell | [45] |
5 | IrO2 NCs | 750 nm | HeLa, HepG2 cell | [46] |
6 | Au/Ce NCs | 570 nm | HeLa, HepG2, L02 cells | [47] |
7 | CuAu NCs | 610 nm | HeLa cells | [48] |
8 | Zn NCs | 640 nm | HeLa cells | [49] |
9 | Mo NCs | 494 nm | HaCaT, A549, RPTEC cells | [50] |
10 | Pd NCs | 500 nm | HeLa cells | Present work |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Thangudu, S.; Kalluru, P.; Vankayala, R. Preparation, Cytotoxicity, and In Vitro Bioimaging of Water Soluble and Highly Fluorescent Palladium Nanoclusters. Bioengineering 2020, 7, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7010020
Thangudu S, Kalluru P, Vankayala R. Preparation, Cytotoxicity, and In Vitro Bioimaging of Water Soluble and Highly Fluorescent Palladium Nanoclusters. Bioengineering. 2020; 7(1):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7010020
Chicago/Turabian StyleThangudu, Suresh, Poliraju Kalluru, and Raviraj Vankayala. 2020. "Preparation, Cytotoxicity, and In Vitro Bioimaging of Water Soluble and Highly Fluorescent Palladium Nanoclusters" Bioengineering 7, no. 1: 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7010020
APA StyleThangudu, S., Kalluru, P., & Vankayala, R. (2020). Preparation, Cytotoxicity, and In Vitro Bioimaging of Water Soluble and Highly Fluorescent Palladium Nanoclusters. Bioengineering, 7(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7010020