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Bioengineering
Volume 13
Issue 2
10.3390/bioengineering13020148
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Oral Wound Healing

by
Helly A. Patel
1,
Bianca Schmiliver
1,
Keerthi Priya Chinniyampalayam Sekar
1,
Mirelle Dogini
2,
Chidubem Onyeagoro
1,2,
Daniel C. Shah
2,
M. Hope Robinson
1,
Babatunde Giwa-Otusajo
2,
David T. Wu
3,4,5,6 and
Steven L. Goudy
1,2,7,*
1
Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
2
The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
3
Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
4
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
5
Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
6
Division of Periodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
7
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Bioengineering 2026, 13(2), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13020148
Submission received: 12 December 2025 / Revised: 19 January 2026 / Accepted: 22 January 2026 / Published: 27 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Wound Healing and Material Engineering)
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Abstract

Oral wound healing is a robust process; however, complications from surgery, systemic diseases, and aging can impair healing. While some treatments exist, regenerative therapies to promote mucosal wound healing remain limited. In recent years, there has been a significant rise in FDA-approved cell-based therapies; however, extracellular vesicles represent an emerging cell-free alternative that may mitigate risks associated with cellular therapies, including tumorigenesis and immunogenicity. These lipid-encapsulated nanovesicles can deliver therapeutic cargo, such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, or drugs, to the wound site. Extracellular vesicles can be derived from mesenchymal stromal cells, immune cells, bodily fluids, or bacteria, and engineered through genetic modification, preconditioning, or direct cargo loading to enhance therapeutic potency. Furthermore, advanced delivery platforms, including hydrogels, microneedles, and aerosols, allow for sustained and localized EV delivery to the oral wound site. This review examines differences between cutaneous and oral wound healing; factors that impair oral repair; extracellular vesicle sources and engineering strategies; and delivery strategies for developing EV-based therapeutics for oral wound healing.
Keywords: oral wound healing; extracellular vesicles; mucosal healing; cell-free regenerative therapies oral wound healing; extracellular vesicles; mucosal healing; cell-free regenerative therapies
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MDPI and ACS Style

Patel, H.A.; Schmiliver, B.; Sekar, K.P.C.; Dogini, M.; Onyeagoro, C.; Shah, D.C.; Robinson, M.H.; Giwa-Otusajo, B.; Wu, D.T.; Goudy, S.L. Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Oral Wound Healing. Bioengineering 2026, 13, 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13020148

AMA Style

Patel HA, Schmiliver B, Sekar KPC, Dogini M, Onyeagoro C, Shah DC, Robinson MH, Giwa-Otusajo B, Wu DT, Goudy SL. Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Oral Wound Healing. Bioengineering. 2026; 13(2):148. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13020148

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patel, Helly A., Bianca Schmiliver, Keerthi Priya Chinniyampalayam Sekar, Mirelle Dogini, Chidubem Onyeagoro, Daniel C. Shah, M. Hope Robinson, Babatunde Giwa-Otusajo, David T. Wu, and Steven L. Goudy. 2026. "Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Oral Wound Healing" Bioengineering 13, no. 2: 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13020148

APA Style

Patel, H. A., Schmiliver, B., Sekar, K. P. C., Dogini, M., Onyeagoro, C., Shah, D. C., Robinson, M. H., Giwa-Otusajo, B., Wu, D. T., & Goudy, S. L. (2026). Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Oral Wound Healing. Bioengineering, 13(2), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13020148

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