Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Extraction of Essential Oils
2.3. Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
2.4. Antioxidant Activity
2.4.1. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
2.4.2. Reducing Power
2.4.3. Metal Chelating Activity
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S. N. | Compounds | RI | ACLEO | ACREO | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SEASONS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SPRING | SUMMER | AUTUMN | WINTER | SPRING | SUMMER | AUTUMN | WINTER | |||||||||||||||||||
Sites of Collection | Sites of Collection | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | |||
1 | bornyl acetate | 948 | - | 0.1 | - | - | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2 | limonene | 1031 | 0.8 | - | - | - | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | t | 0.5 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 0.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
3 | trans-β ocimene | 1050 | - | t | - | - | 0.2 | 0.1 | t | - | 1.3 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.9 | - | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | - | 1.2 | 1.9 | 0.3 | ||
4 | linalool | 1096 | 9.2 | 5.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 7.3 | 1.9 | 5.6 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | - | 1.8 | 1.5 | 6.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.4 | - |
5 | shyobunone | 1324 | 9.3 | 7.6 | 5.0 | 0.4 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 7.1 | 2.5 | 6.0 | - | 6.9 | 8.8 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 6.6 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 8.0 |
6 | α-copaene | 1376 | - | t | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | t | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | t | - | - | - | - |
7 | β elemene | 1390 | - | - | - | 0.2 | 0.1 | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | - | |
8 | aristolene | 1416 | - | 2.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.6 | - | - | 2.0 | - | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.7 | ||
9 | E caryophyllene | 1418 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 1.7 | - | 3.1 | 0.5 | 2.0 | - | 2.0 | 1.8 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
10 | calarene | 1432 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 8.2 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 0.5 | - | 4.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1.9 | |||||
11 | α-humulene | 1440 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | - | 0.9 | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
12 | α-muurolene | 1478 | - | - | 0.2 | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | 1.0 | - |
13 | germacrene D | 1480 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | - | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | - | 0.3 | - | 0.3 | 0.2 | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 |
14 | Z-methyl isoeugenol | 1492 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 0.5 | 2.1 | - | 2.2 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 6.3 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 4.1 | 7.4 | 4.5 | 4.9 |
15 | viridiflorene | 1496 | - | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
16 | dehydroxy-isocalamendiol | 1497 | 6.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.3 | - | - | 1.4 |
17 | δ-cadinene | 1524 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.3 | - | - | - | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | - | - | 0.3 | - | - | 0.4 | 0.2 | |
18 | kessane | 1528 | 1.0 | 3.2 | 0.1 | - | 2.1 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | - | 1.9 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | - | - | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
19 | α-cadinene | 1538 | - | 1.0 | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
20 | α-calacorene | 1545 | - | 0.2 | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | - |
21 | α-elemol | 1547 | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | - | 0.7 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
22 | β-calacorene | 1548 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
23 | elemicin | 1554 | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | 2.1 | - | - | - | - | 0.9 | 1.2 | - | 0.9 | 1.6 | 1.0 | - | 0.7 | - | - | 0.6 | - |
24 | spathulenol | 1575 | - | 0.4 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||
25 | caryophyllene oxide | 1581 | - | - | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
26 | β-asarone | 1617 | 52.2 | 35.3 | 56.5 | 44.4 | 42.4 | 48.6 | 44.6 | 84.3 | 59.4 | 90.6 | 57.6 | 65.2 | 68.0 | 64.4 | 64.3 | 59.5 | 67.7 | 48.6 | 70.0 | 74.5 | 73.7 | 73.1 | 76.6 | 74.9 |
27 | asaronaldehyde | 1620 | - | 4.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 2.1 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.6 | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
28 | Z-isoelemicin | 1644 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 5.5 | 1.8 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 4.1 | 1.7 | 4.6 | - | 2.5 | 3.0 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 7.3 | 5.5 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 3.8 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 3.4 |
29 | α-asarone | 1676 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 4.3 | 10.5 | 3.7 | 5.2 | 2.2 | - | 3.1 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 3.7 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.8 |
30 | 2,4,6-trimethoxyacetophenone 3 methyl | 1701 | - | 0.4 | 0.6 | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
31 | aspidinol | 1833 | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | - | 1.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
32 | 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid | 1927 | - | 2.3 | 0.6 | - | - | - | 1.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
33 | phytol | 1941 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.2 | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||
34 | palmitic acid | 1984 | - | - | - | 13.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
total | 91.3 | 78 | 85.4 | 76.9 | 81.9 | 78.8 | 80.4 | 93.4 | 86.7 | 95.9 | 93.1 | 94.4 | 93.4 | 88.8 | 88.7 | 89.4 | 92.7 | 81.5 | 92.7 | 94.9 | 92.4 | 92.7 | 95.9 | 96.6 | ||
SD (±) | 9.2 | 6.3 | 10.0 | 8.0 | 7.5 | 8.7 | 7.7 | 14.9 | 10.6 | 15.7 | 10.3 | 11.7 | 11.6 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 10.2 | 11.6 | 8.4 | 12.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 12.5 | 13.1 | 13.1 |
SN | Phenyl Propanoids | RI | ACLEO | ACREO | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SEASONS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SPRING | Summer | AUTUMN | WINTER | SPRING | SUMMER | AUTUMN | WINTER | |||||||||||||||||||
Sites of Collection | Sites of Collection | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | |||
1 | β-asarone | 1617 | 52.2 | 35.3 | 56.5 | 44.4 | 42.4 | 48.6 | 44.6 | 84.3 | 59.4 | 90.6 | 57.6 | 65.2 | 68.0 | 64.4 | 64.3 | 59.5 | 67.7 | 48.6 | 70.0 | 74.5 | 73.7 | 73.1 | 76.6 | 74.9 |
2 | Z-isoelemicin | 1644 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 5.5 | 1.8 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 4.1 | 1.7 | 4.6 | - | 2.5 | 3.0 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 7.3 | 5.5 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 3.8 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 3.4 |
3 | α-asarone | 1676 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 4.3 | 10.5 | 3.7 | 5.2 | 2.2 | - | 3.1 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 3.7 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.8 |
4 | Phenyl propanoids | 58.7 | 43.4 | 66.3 | 56.7 | 50.9 | 59.8 | 50.9 | 86 | 67.1 | 90.8 | 60.8 | 68.4 | 75 | 73.8 | 75.5 | 67.7 | 78.8 | 59.8 | 74.1 | 80.6 | 82.4 | 77.2 | 80.6 | 79.1 |
Class | SPRING | SUMMER | AUTUMN | WINTER | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | |
Hydrocarbons | [4.2] | [7.7] | [6.8] | [1.2] | [7.8] | [3.1] | [7.9] | [4.2] | [3.1] | [3.2] | [15.7] | [4.2] |
Monoterpenoids | 0.8 | - | - | - | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | - | 0.5 | 3.2 | 4.3 | 1.6 |
Sesquiterpenoids | 3.4 | 7.7 | 6.8 | 1.2 | 7.4 | 2.9 | 7.7 | 4.2 | 2.6 | - | 11.4 | 2.6 |
Oxygenated compounds | [28.4] | [26.9] | [12.3] | [18.8] | [23.2] | [15.9] | [21.6] | [8.1] | [16.5] | [1.9] | [16.6] | [21.8] |
Monoterpenoids | 12 | 15.7 | 4.9 | 2.2 | 13.4 | 8.1 | 11.2 | 5.2 | 9.4 | 1.9 | 7.8 | 7.3 |
Sesquiterpenoids | 16.4 | 11.2 | 7.4 | 16.6 | 9.8 | 7.8 | 10.4 | 2.9 | 7.1 | 8.8 | 14.5 | |
Phenyl propanoids | 58.7 | 43.4 | 66.3 | 36.9 | 50.9 | 59.8 | 50.9 | 58.6 | 67.1 | 90.8 | 60.2 | 68.4 |
Class | SPRING | SUMMER | AUTUMN | WINTER | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | A | B | C | |
Hydrocarbons | [5.1] | [2.9] | [3.8] | [7.5] | [3.1] | [4.7] | [6.7] | [1.4] | [0.6] | [4.4] | [4.8] | [3.2] |
Monoterpenoids | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 0.3 | |||
Sesquiterpenoids | 4.6 | 2.0 | 3.8 | 5.6 | 1.1 | 4.6 | 6.2 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
Oxygenated compounds | [11.0] | [9.9] | [9.4] | [14.7] | [10.2] | [16.0] | [8.8] | [12.2] | [9.4] | [14.2] | [9.9] | [14.3] |
Monoterpenoids | 5.9 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 8.1 | 6.2 | 8.1 | 5.3 | 9.5 | 4.3 | 8.2 | 4.9 | 4.9 |
Sesquiterpenoids | 5.1 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 6.6 | 4.0 | 7.9 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 5.1 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 9.4 |
Phenyl propanoids | 75.9 | 75 | 75.5 | 68.6 | 80.4 | 60.8 | 74.1 | 81.3 | 82.4 | 77.2 | 81.2 | 79.1 |
S.N. | Sample Name | DPPH IC50 Value (µg/mL) ± SD | Reducing RP50 Value (µg/mL) ± SD | Chelating IC50 Value (µg/mL) ± SD | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seasons | |||||||||||||
SPRING | SUMMER | AUTUMN | WINTER | SPRING | SUMMER | AUTUMN | WINTER | SPRING | SUMMER | AUTUMN | WINTER | ||
1 | ACPGREO | 198.06 h ±0.07 | 41.46 c ±0.66 | 107.52 g ±3.96 | 78.03 f ±3.30 | 137.14 b ±1.39 | 72.89 b ±0.01 | 52.30 a ±3.99 | 65.32 a,b ±0.15 | 34.82 c ±0.27 | 68.53 a ±0.99 | 206.75 e ±4.30 | 24.00 c ±0.12 |
2 | ACPGLEO | 59.20 d ±0.36 | 59.36 f ±0.81 | 83.07 e ±2.73 | 70.36 e ±2.80 | 168.97 b ±0.89 | 320.11 e ±2.47 | 227.63 d ±4.36 | 350.98 f ±3.88 | 15.24 a ±0.06 | 13.08 a ±0.13 | 158.10 b ±11.56 | 25.78 d ±0.12 |
3 | ACPNREO | 188.36 g ±3.59 | 41.35 c ±0.10 | 59.02 c ±1.26 | 37.31 c ±0.19 | 475.48 e ±28.19 | 77.72 b ±0.19 | 71.54 b ±0.12 | 325.83 e ±0.04 | 47.25 f ±0.32 | 41.29 b ±0.37 | 187.41 d,e ±10.59 | 30.04 f ±0.25 |
4 | ACPNLEO | 116.22 f ±3.14 | 78.71 g ±2.83 | 75.53 d ±2.11 | 58.71 d ±0.71 | 414.19 d ±17.8 | 245.77 d ±7.68 | 131.70 c ±1.25 | 201.25 d ±4.74 | 29.78 b ±0.22 | 11.72 c ±0.03 | 153.13 b ±13.55 | 26.94 e ±0.20 |
5 | ACBTREO | 49.67 c ±1.53 | 51.42 e ±0.65 | 82.52 e ±1.88 | 38.52 c ±0.62 | 326.87 c ±11.83 | 72.24 b ±0.18 | 71.08 b ±0.10 | 84.97 b ±0.22 | 44.98 e ±1.34 | 84.64 c ±2.25 | 193.54 e ±9.28 | 18.21 a ±0.03 |
6 | ACBTLEO | 83.94 e ±1.97 | 46.36 d ±0.94 | 96.17 f ±2.85 | 98.27 g ±4.44 | 382.27 d ±2.92 | 161.65 c ±0.82 | 73.98 b ±0.19 | 133.34 c ±18.88 | 30.88 b ±0.14 | 16.84 d ±0.59 | 164.46 b,c ±9.19 | 19.82 b ±0.07 |
7 | BHT * | 27.74 b ±0.05 | 27.74 b ±0.04 | 27.74 b ±0.04 | 28.37 a ±0.20 | - | - | -- | - | - | - | - | - |
8 | Catechin * | 18.53 a ±0.15 | 18.53 a ±0.15 | 18.53 a ±0.15 | 28.48 b ±0.17 | 71.74 b ±1.39 | 71.74 b ±0.49 | 71.74 b ±0.49 | 71.74 a,b ±0.49 | - | - | - | - |
9 | Gallic acid | - | - | - | - | 56.14 b ±1.39 | 56.07 a ±0.91 | 56.07 a ±0.91 | 56.07 a ±0.91 | - | - | - | - |
10 | EDTA | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 38.74 d ±0.33 | 38.74 e ±0.33 | 38.74 a ±0.33 | 38.74 g ±0.33 |
11 | Citric acid | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 45.57 e ±0.33 | 45.57 f ±0.33 | 45.57 a ±0.33 | 45.57 h ±0.33 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Parki, A.; Chaubey, P.; Prakash, O.; Kumar, R.; Pant, A.K. Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines 2017, 4, 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081
Parki A, Chaubey P, Prakash O, Kumar R, Pant AK. Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions. Medicines. 2017; 4(4):81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081
Chicago/Turabian StyleParki, Archana, Pinky Chaubey, Om Prakash, Ravendra Kumar, and Anil K. Pant. 2017. "Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions" Medicines 4, no. 4: 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040081