Biochemical Responses of Medicinal Plant Tussilago farfara L. to Elevated Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soils of Urban Areas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Location
2.2. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.3. Quality Control and Assurance
2.4. Analysis of Biochemical Parameters
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Metal Content in Soils
3.2. Heavy Metal Concentrations in Plants
3.3. Analysis of Biochemical Parameters
3.4. Correlation Analysis
4. Conclusions
- Metal accumulation stimulated photosynthetic pigment synthesis in coltsfoot, while the metal content correlated with pigment concentrations. Heavy metals provoked oxidative stress in plants, which is registered by Fe and Mn correlations in plants with Schiff bases, as well as increments in lipid peroxidation products at the oil refinery and metallurgical plants. Phenols and flavonoids functioned as antioxidants and depleted for metal chelation. The heavy metal content of soils and plants was negatively correlated with catalase activity.
- The heavy metal accumulation by plants in Tyumen decreased in the following order: Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb > Cd. Zn and Mn content in soils correlated with that in plants. The most intense metal accumulation was detected at a metallurgical plant.
- The heavy metal analysis of soils revealed Fe contamination compared to control, as well as Pb pollution at the battery manufacturing plant. Furthermore, Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations exceeded background levels at all examined sites. The percentage of heavy metals in mobile form decreased in the following order: Mn > Zn > Cu > Fe. The highest heavy metal concentrations in soil occurred at the battery manufacturing and metallurgical plants.
- Coltsfoot vegetation in the polluted urban area and metal accumulation led to complex biochemical reactions. Coltsfoot’s biochemical responses and its ability to accumulate heavy metals limit the plant’s use for medicinal purposes.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Name | Location |
---|---|---|
1 | Control | Outside the city at 10 km distance from anthropogenic sources |
2 | Federal Highway Tyumen-Omsk | 30 km from Tyumen, distance from the road no more than 30 m |
3 | Engine-building plant (EBP) | 200 m from the plant |
4 | Oil refinery (OR) | 200 m from Antipinsky Oil refinery |
5 | Battery Manufacturing plant (BMP) | 200 m from the plant |
6 | UMMC (Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company) | 200 m south of the enterprise |
pH | Humus. % | K2O. mg kg−1 | N(NH4+). mg kg−1 | N(NO3−). mg kg−1 | P2O5. mg kg−1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 6.8 ± 0.2 | 0.57 ± 0.06 | 313 ± 47 | 33 ± 15 | 26 ± 11 | 91 ± 18 |
Highway | 6.6 ± 0.2 | 0.64 ± 0.06 | 85 ± 12 | 42 ± 19 | 16 ± 9 | 95 ± 19 |
EBP | 7.8 ± 0.2 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 409 ± 61 | 34 ± 16 | 13 ± 7 | 32 ± 6 |
OR | 7.9 ± 0.2 | 0.58 ± 0.06 | 331 ± 50 | 37 ± 17 | 15 ± 8 | 135 ± 27 |
BMP | 8.1 ± 0.2 | 1.53 ± 0.10 | 194 ± 29 | 23 ± 11 | 23 ± 12 | 17 ± 6 |
UMMC | 8.3 ± 0.2 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 52 ± 10 | 16 ± 6 | 20 ± 11 | 138 ± 28 |
Cu | Fe | Mn | Pb | Cd | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 0.58 ± 0.15 5.93 ± 0.29 | 207 ± 9.68 28,500 ± 830 | 59.7 ± 6.03 171 ± 2.35 | 4.30 ± 2.19 7.34 ± 3.57 | 0.08 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.17 | 1.16 ± 0.05 16.5 ± 0.22 |
Highway | 0.55 ± 0.20 3.69 ± 0.95 | 172 ± 13.5 25,700 ± 1100 | 71.0 ± 0.92 390 ± 7.72 | 4.35 ± 1.83 7.23 ± 3.73 | 0.13 ± 0.04 0.33 ± 0.16 | 3.62 ± 0.10 15.6 ± 0.51 |
EBP | 0.50 ± 0.14 9.77 ± 0.46 | 67.8 ± 5.65 44,000 ± 1000 | 105 ± 1.56 276 ± 7.34 | 5.19 ± 1.76 8.14 ± 3.63 | 0.16 ± 0.08 0.34 ± 0.17 | 4.48 ± 0.16 28.0 ± 0.50 |
OR | 0.72 ± 0.20 6.67 ± 0.33 | 102 ± 7.21 43,700 ± 1300 | 68.4 ± 0.88 282 ± 10.3 | 1.51 ± 0.87 7.29 ± 3.60 | 0.13 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.17 | 2.44 ± 0.16 19.2 ± 0.58 |
BMP | 0.49 ± 0.09 16.6 ± 0.93 | 49.3 ± 7.45 95,000 ± 2300 | 96.5 ± 0.52 448 ± 12.0 | 34.9 ± 3.20 54.6 ± 3.70 | 0.13 ± 0.06 0.34 ± 0.17 | 3.20 ± 0.08 45.5 ± 1.32 |
UMMC | 0.61 ± 0.20 10.8 ± 0.46 | 180 ± 5.02 53,500 ± 1200 | 110 ± 1.06 435 ± 10.6 | 4.89 ± 3.37 7.61 ± 3.73 | 0.14 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.17 | 7.28 ± 0.06 36.7 ± 2.19 |
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Petukhov, A.; Kremleva, T.; Petukhova, G.; Khritokhin, N. Biochemical Responses of Medicinal Plant Tussilago farfara L. to Elevated Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soils of Urban Areas. Toxics 2021, 9, 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9070171
Petukhov A, Kremleva T, Petukhova G, Khritokhin N. Biochemical Responses of Medicinal Plant Tussilago farfara L. to Elevated Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soils of Urban Areas. Toxics. 2021; 9(7):171. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9070171
Chicago/Turabian StylePetukhov, Alexander, Tatyana Kremleva, Galina Petukhova, and Nikolay Khritokhin. 2021. "Biochemical Responses of Medicinal Plant Tussilago farfara L. to Elevated Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soils of Urban Areas" Toxics 9, no. 7: 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9070171