Presence of Arsenic in Potential Sources of Drinking Water Supply Located in a Mineralized and Mined Area of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Site Description
2.1. Geological and Hydrological Context
2.2. Origin and Characteristics of Abandoned Mine Waste Dumps
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Water Sampling and Chemical Analysis
3.2. Waste and Sediment Mineralogical Characterization
3.3. Hydrogeochemical Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. As, Hg, and Tl: The Main Contaminants Identified in the Analyzed Water Bodies
4.2. PCA Values: A Strategy to Establish the Quality of Water Bodies
4.3. El Ojo de Agua Spring: As a Potential Drinking Water Supply, Is It Impacted by Natural or Anthropogenic Events?
4.4. Isotopic Analysis of δ34Ssulfate, δ18Osulfate, and Sulfate Presence in the El Ojo de Agua Spring
4.5. Arsenic Content in the El Ojo de Agua Spring and its Relationship with the Dragging of Fine Particles via Hydric Erosion
Abbreviation 1 | Name | Chemical Formula | Solid Sample | Index Saturation Range 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mineral Gangue | AMWD | Sediments | |||
Qz | Quartz | SiO2 | √ | √ | |
Als | Aluminosilicate | K (AlSi3O8) | √ | √ | |
Cal | Calcite | CaCO3 | √ | −0.8 to −1.2 | |
Primary phases | |||||
L | Lautite | CuAsS | √ | √ | (*) |
Ccp | Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 | √ | (*) | |
Cct | Calcocite | Cu2S | √ | (*) | |
Sp | Sphalerite | ZnS | Hypothetic mineral phase | (*) | |
Gtn | Gratonite | PbS2As2S3 | √ | (*) | |
Py | Pyrite | FeS2 | √ | (*) | |
Rlg | Realgar | As4S4 | √ | √ | (*) |
Orp | Orpiment | As2S3 | √ | (*) | |
Slf | Sulfur | S | √ | √ | (*) |
Iron oxy-hydroxides | |||||
He | Hematite | Fe1.8H0.66O3 | √ | √ | 4.1 to −17.6 |
Gth | Goethite | Fe2O3 · H2O | √ | √ | 1.6 to −9.2 |
Lpd | Lepidocrocite | Fe+3O(OH) | √ | 2.8 to −10.7 | |
Fhy | Ferrihydrite | Fe2(OH)3 · 0.5H2O | Hypothetic mineral phase | 1.3 to -12.3 | |
Secondary mineral phases | |||||
Gy | Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O | √ | √ | −0.6 to −2.1 |
Scr | Scorodite | FeAsO4 · 2H2O | √ | √ | −1.4 to −17.7 |
Bdt | Beudantite | Pb(Fe2.5Al0.46)(As1.07O4)SO4(OH)6 | √ | √ | −0.2 to −44.2 |
Pb-Jrs | Plumbojarosite | (Pb0.43K0.14)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6 | √ | √ | |
K-Jrs | K-Jarosite | (K0.86(H3O)0.14)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6 | √ | √ | −5 to 30.7 |
Adm | Adamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) | √ | −5.5 to −22.9 | |
Lnk | Lanarkite | Pb2(SO4)O | √ | −8.7 to −16.6 | |
Bch | Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 | √ | −6.9 to −30.1 | |
Cld | Claudetite | As2O3 | √ | −10.5 to −27.4 | |
Sgn | Segnetite | PbFe3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6 | √ | −12.2 to −45.2 | |
Cqm | Coquimbite | Fe1.54Al0.46(SO4)3 · 9H2O | √ | −28.1 to −35.1 | |
Grn | Guerinite | Ca5(AsO4)2(AsO3(OH))(H2O)4 | √ | √ | −17.8 to −39.3 |
Skn | Sarkinite | Mn2AsO4(OH) | √ | √ | −26.5 to −47.8 |
Fcpp | Ferricopiapite | Fe4.67(SO4)6 (OH)2 · 20H2O | √ | −34 to −46 |
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Label Sample | UTM Coordinates | Altitude (m.a.s.l.) | Type of Sample | Description of the Sampling Site | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y | ||||
L1 | 392,742 | 2,358,724 | 1120 | Leachates | Water sample from handmade rainwater channel for local irrigation, located on the lateral wall of AMWD1. |
L2 | 392,922 | 2,359,056 | 1104 | Leachates | Leachate water sample produced by water infiltration through the AMWD2. |
L3 | 392,958 | 2,359,158 | 1118 | Leachates | Water sample collected from the Xichú Stream, impacted by the runoff of leachate water from the walls of AMWD4. |
L4 | 392,972 | 2,359,161 | 1083 | Leachates | Water sample collected from the Xichú Stream, impacted by the runoff of water leachate from the lateral walls of AMWD2. |
L5 | 393,062 | 2,359,130 | 1140 | Leachates | Mine water sample collected from the mineralized zone of La Aurora, located in the La Fundición community. |
L6 | 393,081 | 2,359,369 | 1100 | Leachates | Water sample from handmade rainwater channel for local irrigation, located on the lateral wall of AMWD4. |
L7 | 393,483 | 2,360,138 | 1041 | Leachates | Water sample from the Xichú Stream, impacted by leachate runoff located 850 m downstream from AMWD4. |
W1 | 403,068 | 2,365,735 | 846 | Water well | Water sample from drinking water well of the La Laja community. |
W2 | 413,488 | 2,365,725 | 849 | Water well | Water sample from handmade drinking water well of the La Laja community, at 100 m from W1 sample. |
R1 | 386,596 | 2,355,721 | 1610 | Streams | Water sample from the Chiquito Stream located close to El Alamo community at 1634 m.a.s.l. at 8.5 km upstream from AMWD1. |
R2 | 402,933 | 2,372,130 | 761 | Streams | Water sample collected on the La Laja stream, located at 380 m downstream from the El Ojo de Agua spring. |
R3 | 402,846 | 2,372,215 | 765 | Streams | Water sample from the Santa María River, located 100 m before its confluence with the La Laja Stream. |
R4 | 402,614 | 2,372,157 | 763 | Streams | Water sample from the Santa María River, located 250 m before its confluence with the La Laja stream. |
R5 | 402,929 | 2,372,254 | 754 | Streams | Water sample from the Santa María River, located 100 m after its confluence with the La Laja stream. |
R6 | 403,063 | 2,372,233 | 759 | Streams | Water sample from the Santa María River, located 200 m after its confluence with the La Laja stream. |
OA | 402,758 | 2,371,729 | 756 | Spring | Water sample from the El Ojo de Agua Spring on the La Laja Stream bed. |
GA | 413,520 | 2,365,858 | 1029 | Spring | Water sample from Guayaba Agria spring. |
CA | 413,539 | 2,365,666 | 1163 | Spring | Water sample from El Carricillito spring. |
EG | 414,872 | 2,364,717 | 1436 | Spring | Water sample from El Gato spring. |
ES | 415,394 | 2,364,923 | 1550 | Spring | Water sample from El Sarro spring. |
AMWD4 | 393,085 | 2,359,291 | 1110 | Waste | Solid samples of wastes taken from AMWD4. |
XS1 | 393,106 | 2,359,266 | 1103 | Sediment | Stream sediment from Xichú River impacted by fine particles generated by mineral secondary phases, precipitated chemically on the walls of the mining waste deposit. Sample located in the lower part of the AMWD4. |
XS2 | 394,683 | 2,360,714 | 1040 | Sediment | Surface layer of sediments from the Xichú stream in the low energy zone, 2.6 km downstream from the AMWD4. |
XS3 | 402,605 | 2,362,269 | 895 | Sediment | Superficial layer of stream sediments from Xichú Stream in the zone of low energy and produced by its drying, before its confluence with the Guamuchil stream. |
XS4 | 403,015 | 2,362,875 | 860 | Sediment | Superficial layer of stream sediments from Xichú Stream in the zone of low energy and produced by its drying, after its confluence with the Guamuchil stream. |
Variable | Units | Aqueous Samples | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leachates | Streams | Wells | Springs | |||||||||||||||||||||
L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | L7 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | W1 | W2 | OA1 | OA2 | GA | CA | EG | ES | MDL | GV | ||
T | (°C) | 31.2 | 28.6 | 19.9 | 21.3 | 44.9 | 21.5 | 26.4 | 27.2 | 27 | 31.5 | 32.3 | 28.6 | 27.9 | 24.9 | 24.7 | 27.9 | 27.2 | 24.5 | 20.9 | 17.9 | 17.7 | − | - |
pH | - | 6.6 | 6.1 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 5.9 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 7.6 | 7 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6 | 6.2 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.9 | − | 6.5 to 8.5 [36] |
EH | mV | 355 | 382 | 606 | 380 | 416 | 239 | 355 | 406 | 402 | 193 | 377 | 215 | 397 | 343 | 396 | 10 | 359 | 379 | 349 | 362 | 374 | − | - |
DO | mg/L | 10.7 | 4.3 | 3.5 | 6.4 | 0.5 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 4 | 2.8 | 4.1 | 6.4 | 2.3 | 4 | 5.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 4.2 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 6 | − | - |
EC | μS/cm | 697 | 1,234 | 8,480 | 2,868 | 1,954 | 691 | 1,102 | 810 | 829 | 1,016 | 1,008 | 970 | 840 | 436 | 466 | 967 | 825 | 600 | 668 | 466 | 456 | − | - |
Ca | mg/L | 73.8 | 169.6 | 314.4 | 69.2 | 205.6 | 86.3 | 157.6 | 27.4 | 110.5 | 53.3 | 111.5 | 113.5 | 88.5 | 63.2 | 67.1 | 113 | 112 | 30.4 | 76.4 | 73.6 | 72.8 | 0.03 | - |
Mg | 17.6 | 28.7 | 33.7 | 11.3 | 40.9 | 10.1 | 26.9 | 5.6 | 23.8 | 15.2 | 35.3 | 27.7 | 25.3 | 9.2 | 9.8 | 27.5 | 24.6 | 37.4 | 37.3 | 18.1 | 25.2 | 0.02 | - | |
Na | 22.6 | 29.6 | 31 | 21.8 | 42.3 | 20.1 | 29.6 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 8.5 | 11 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 10.6 | 7.1 | 0.4 | 0.9 | <0.02 | <0.02 | 0.02 | 200 [36] | |
K | 5.1 | 6.4 | 2.6 | 6.8 | 22.2 | 7.2 | 5.3 | 1.7 | 2 | 1.5 | 7.1 | 2.7 | 4.6 | 12.3 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 1 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.12 | - | |
Cl− | 21.6 | 80.7 | 92.2 | 75 | 30.5 | 68.1 | 116 | <0.2 | <0.2 | 50.5 | <0.2 | 55.6 | <0.2 | 20.7 | <0.2 | 14 | <0.2 | 19.4 | 18.7 | <0.2 | <0.2 | 0.2 | 250 [36] | |
NO3− | <10 | <10 | 98.2 | 53.1 | 11.4 | 10.1 | 31 | 75 | <10 | 13 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 18.7 | 17.6 | <10 | 42 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 10 | 50 [35] 44.2 [36] | |
HCO3− | 126.4 | 206.4 | <10 | <10 | 172.9 | 57.6 | 215.8 | 110.2 | 248.4 | 61.4 | 215.7 | 229.2 | 270.5 | 233.6 | 282.2 | 265.4 | 263.7 | 206.4 | 250.1 | 350.5 | 274.2 | 10 | - | |
CO32− | 15.5 | 18.1 | <10 | <10 | 18.1 | 22.8 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 20.6 | 10.7 | 15.5 | 12.1 | 12.9 | 10.3 | 7.7 | 15 | 18.1 | 5.2 | 2.6 | 10.3 | 15.5 | 10 | - | |
SO42− | 140 | 415 | 686 | 150 | 436 | 287 | 327 | 4 | 139.9 | 118.4 | 310.6 | 180.5 | 175.8 | 37.4 | 41.3 | 206.7 | 164.1 | 17.4 | 7.5 | 14.6 | 20 | 0.2 | 400 [36] | |
SiTot | 18.9 | 16.7 | 29.5 | 8.4 | 18.9 | 6.9 | 15.3 | 23.3 | 32.4 | 3.7 | 20.3 | 8.4 | 17 | 20.5 | 21.2 | 8.5 | 16.2 | 9.6 | 8.1 | 9.1 | 7.6 | 0.02 | - | |
As | μg/L | 164 | 373 | 69.3 | 34.4 | 93.6 | 47 | 89 | 24.7 | 45 | 17.5 | 14.7 | 44.8 | 47.2 | 26.9 | 23.2 | 121 | 81.5 | 28.2 | 43.2 | 9.1 | 5 | 3 | 10 [36] 25 [36] |
Hg | 18.1 | 19.6 | 18 | 39.7 | 37.4 | <10 | 33 | 33 | 23.4 | 17.7 | 36.9 | <10 | <10 | <10 | 24.6 | <10 | 33 | 22.2 | 32.6 | 22.3 | 10.1 | 10 | 6 [35] 1 [36] | |
Tl | 14.5 | <10.3 | 918 | 16.5 | 21.1 | 73 | 22.3 | 21.7 | 22.7 | 18.7 | 30.4 | 26.8 | 16.7 | 12.4 | 19.3 | 49.1 | 23.6 | 15 | 21.6 | 17.1 | 18.7 | 10 | 13 [37] | |
Pb | <5 | <5 | 27.4 | 6.9 | <5 | 6.9 | 9.5 | <5 | <5 | 5.7 | <5 | 27.5 | <5 | 8.3 | 5.2 | 55.2 | <5 | <5 | <5 | <5 | <5 | 5 | 10 [35,36] | |
Fe | <6.2 | 6.2 | 1, 214 | 100 | 11 | 33.6 | <6.2 | 33.7 | 43 | 10.4 | <6.2 | 16.4 | <6.2 | <6.2 | 8.2 | <6.2 | 17.9 | <6.2 | 7.65 | <6.2 | <6.2 | 6.2 | 300 [36] | |
Cu | <11.9 | <11.9 | 2, 559 | 25.1 | 35.5 | 16.2 | <11.9 | <11.9 | <11.9 | <11.9 | <11.9 | <11.9 | <11.9 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 11.9 | <11.9 | <11.9 | <11.9 | <11.9 | <11.9 | 11.9 | 2000 [35] | |
Zn | <5 | 22.4 | 12,924 | 52 | 314 | 11.5 | <5 | 5.3 | <5 | 14.7 | <5 | 46.4 | <5 | <5 | 8.5 | 12.2 | <5 | 8.4 | <5 | <5 | <5 | 5 | 3000 [35]; 5000 [36] | |
Sr | 579 | 1, 054 | 436 | 1, 107 | 2, 042 | 380 | 1, 105 | 191 | 924 | 602 | 1, 220 | 656 | 949 | 294 | 312 | 1, 211 | 958 | 67 | 65 | 95 | 62 | 3.4 | 4000 [35] | |
Al | 5.6 | 11.4 | 16, 356 | 303 | 23.6 | 24.7 | <5 | 10.7 | 12.8 | 7.8 | <5 | 36.1 | <5 | <5 | <5 | 14.8 | 5.2 | 13 | 26.3 | <5 | <5 | 5 | 200 [36] | |
Sb | 15.6 | 16.2 | 34.2 | 64 | 21.2 | 69.2 | 20.1 | 17.7 | 16.4 | 28.4 | 15.6 | 57.3 | 14.6 | 13 | 15.8 | 43 | 13.4 | 11.8 | 15.4 | 12.2 | 11.4 | 9.7 | 20 [35] | |
Se | <7.3 | <7.3 | 14 | 15.4 | 10.2 | 14.6 | 11.3 | 11 | 8.32 | 14 | <7.3 | 15.3 | <7.3 | <7.3 | <7.3 | 14.2 | <7.3 | 16.5 | <7.3 | <7.3 | 21.6 | 7.3 | 40 [35] | |
CI | % | 12.4 | −18 | 95.6 | 30.7 | 27.5 | −42 | −23.8 | −33.3 | 13 | −22.6 | −12.1 | −7.3 | −17.3 | −12.8 | −23.8 | −11.6 | 4.1 | −7.1 | 37.5 | 15.4 | 16 | − | - |
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Escot-Espinoza, V.M.; Ramos-Arroyo, Y.R.; Lázaro, I.; Montes-Avila, I.; Carrizalez-Yañez, L.; Briones-Gallardo, R. Presence of Arsenic in Potential Sources of Drinking Water Supply Located in a Mineralized and Mined Area of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico. Toxics 2021, 9, 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110307
Escot-Espinoza VM, Ramos-Arroyo YR, Lázaro I, Montes-Avila I, Carrizalez-Yañez L, Briones-Gallardo R. Presence of Arsenic in Potential Sources of Drinking Water Supply Located in a Mineralized and Mined Area of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico. Toxics. 2021; 9(11):307. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110307
Chicago/Turabian StyleEscot-Espinoza, Victor Manuel, Yann Rene Ramos-Arroyo, Isabel Lázaro, Isidro Montes-Avila, Leticia Carrizalez-Yañez, and Roberto Briones-Gallardo. 2021. "Presence of Arsenic in Potential Sources of Drinking Water Supply Located in a Mineralized and Mined Area of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico" Toxics 9, no. 11: 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110307