Indoor Air Quality including Respiratory Viruses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Characterization
2.2. Air Sampling
2.3. Surface Sampling
2.4. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
2.5. Sample Preparation for Analyzed Virus
2.6. Virus Analysis
2.6.1. SARS-CoV-2 Detection by RT-PCR
2.6.2. Respiratory Virus Detection by RT-PCR
2.7. Quality Control for Air Sampling and the Virus Detection
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Previous Sampling Test
3.2. Airborne Viruses and Surface Results
3.3. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
4. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus | Hall (Height = 0.8 m) | Waiting Room (Height = 0.7 m) | Doctor’s Consultation (Height = 1 m) |
---|---|---|---|
Influenza virus type A | Negative | Negative | Negative |
Influenza virus type B | Negative | Negative | Negative |
HuCoV 229E | Negative | Negative | Negative |
HuCoV NL63 | Negative | Negative | Negative |
HuCoV OC43 | Negative | Negative | Negative |
HuCoV HKU1 | Negative | Negative | Negative |
HMPV-A | Negative | Negative | Negative |
HMPV-B | Negative | Negative | Negative |
hBoV | Negative | Negative | Negative |
Parainfluenza virus 1 | Negative | Negative | Negative |
Parainfluenza virus 2 | Negative | Negative | Negative |
Parainfluenza virus 3 | Negative | Negative | Negative |
Parainfluenza virus 4 | Negative | Negative | Negative |
AdV | Negative | Negative | Negative |
RSV-type A | Negative | Negative | Negative |
RSV-type B | Negative | Negative | Negative |
HRV/ENV | Negative | Positive | Negative |
Parameter (Unities) | Range | Guideline Value |
---|---|---|
CO (ppm) | From < DL (1) to 0.68 ppm | 7.03 ppm (5)/3.43 ppm (6) |
CO2 (ppm) | From 526 ppm to 802 ppm | 700 ppm (7) |
NO2 (ppm) | From 0.031 ppm to 0.059 ppm | 0.5 ppm (8) |
VOCs (ppm) | From 0.17 ppm to 3.02 ppm | 1.32 ppm (9) |
PM10 (mg/m3) | From < DL (2) mg/m3 to 0.005 mg/m3 | 0.05 mg/m3 (5)/0.045 mg/m3 (6) |
PM2.5 (mg/m3) | From < DL (3) mg/m3 to 0.001 mg/m3 | 0.025 mg/m3 (5)/0.015 mg/m3 (6) |
HCHO (mg/m3) | From < DL (4) mg/m3 to 1.35 mg/m3 | 0.37 mg/m3 (8) |
Temperature (°C) | From 19.34 °C to 26.53 °C | From 17 °C to 27 °C (8) |
Humidity (%) | From 41.69 % to 49.89 % | From 30 % to 70 % (8) |
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López, A.; Fuentes, E.; Yusà, V.; López-Labrador, F.X.; Camaró, M.; Peris-Martinez, C.; Llácer, M.; Ortolá, S.; Coscollà, C. Indoor Air Quality including Respiratory Viruses. Toxics 2021, 9, 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110274
López A, Fuentes E, Yusà V, López-Labrador FX, Camaró M, Peris-Martinez C, Llácer M, Ortolá S, Coscollà C. Indoor Air Quality including Respiratory Viruses. Toxics. 2021; 9(11):274. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110274
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez, Antonio, Esther Fuentes, Vicent Yusà, F. Xavier López-Labrador, Marisa Camaró, Cristina Peris-Martinez, Martin Llácer, Susana Ortolá, and Clara Coscollà. 2021. "Indoor Air Quality including Respiratory Viruses" Toxics 9, no. 11: 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110274