Degradation of Organophosphorus and Pyrethroid Insecticides in Beverages: Implications for Risk Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Materials
2.2. Standards
2.3. Identification and Quantification of Pesticides
2.4. Fortification and Extraction Protocol
2.5. Insecticide Extraction
2.6. Instrumental Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
2.8. Study of Glass/Insecticide Interactions
3. Results
3.1. Study of Parent Degradation by GC-ECD
3.2. Study of Glass/Insecticide Interactions by GC-ECD
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Insecticide | Retention Time (min) |
---|---|
diazinon | 16.0 |
malathion | 17.9 |
chlorpyrifos | 18.2 |
permethrin | 24.5 |
cyfluthrin | 25.2 |
cypermethrin | 25.5 |
deltamethrin | 27.4 |
Regression Slope a | Std. Error b | p-Value | Half Life c | % Recovery d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | |||||
diazinon | 1.99× 10−2 | 6.85× 10−3 | 0.0274 | 15.2 | 69.50% |
malathion | 6.75× 10−3 | 1.85× 10−3 | 0.0107 | 44.6 | 125.20% |
chlorpyrifos | 8.92× 10−3 | 3.30× 10−3 | 0.0355 | 33.8 | 77.40% |
permethrin | 3.70× 10−3 | 1.24× 10−3 | 0.0244 | 81.5 | 105.30% |
cyfluthrin | 6.75× 10−3 | 2.13× 10−3 | 0.1284 | 44.6 | 97.80% |
cypermethrin | 8.12× 10−3 | 8.58× 10−4 | 0.0001 | 37.1 | 104.00% |
deltamethrin | 6.13× 10−3 | 2.48× 10−3 | 0.0480 | 49.1 | 104.40% |
Grape Juice | |||||
diazinon | 9.20× 10−2 | 1.69× 10−2 | 0.0016 | 3.3 | 76.30% |
malathion | 4.61× 10−3 | 2.82× 10−3 | 0.1535 | 65.3 | 137.10% |
chlorpyrifos | 1.62× 10−2 | 5.14× 10−3 | 0.0199 | 18.6 | 85.30% |
permethrin | 1.49× 10−2 | 1.97× 10−3 | 0.0003 | 20.2 | 90.80% |
cyfluthrin | 4.61× 10−3 | 2.65× 10−3 | 0.0002 | 65.3 | 80.50% |
cypermethrin | 1.80× 10−2 | 3.06× 10−3 | 0.0011 | 16.7 | 89.20% |
deltamethrin | 1.72× 10−2 | 5.28× 10−3 | 0.0174 | 17.5 | 73.60% |
Red Wine | |||||
diazinon | 1.29× 10−1 | 1.14× 10−2 | 0.0003 | 2.3 | 40.70% |
malathion | 8.90× 10−3 | 3.86× 10−3 | 0.0606 | 33.8 | 111.40% |
chlorpyrifos | 1.25× 10−2 | 5.84× 10−3 | 0.0766 | 24.1 | 68.40% |
permethrin | 9.99× 10−3 | 2.78× 10−3 | 0.0114 | 30.1 | 106.90% |
cyfluthrin | 1.18× 10−2 | 3.57× 10−3 | 0.0161 | 25.5 | 105.10% |
cypermethrin | 1.04× 10−2 | 3.17× 10−3 | 0.0167 | 28.9 | 119.30% |
deltamethrin | 1.32× 10−2 | 4.02× 10−3 | 0.0170 | n/a | 109.90% |
Orange Juice | |||||
diazinon | 2.34× 10−2 | 1.15× 10−2 | 0.0881 | 12.9 | 97.00% |
malathion | 6.33× 10−3 | 3.64× 10−3 | 0.1331 | 47.6 | 140.20% |
chlorpyrifos | 8.06× 10−3 | 6.89× 10−3 | 0.2865 | 37.3 | 93.00% |
permethrin | 6.97× 10−4 | 2.34× 10−3 | 0.7761 | n/a | 88.10% |
cyfluthrin | 3.20× 10−3 | 3.07× 10−3 | 0.3377 | 94.1 | 78.70% |
cypermethrin | 4.82× 10−3 | 1.62× 10−3 | 0.0250 | 62.5 | 82.10% |
deltamethrin | -1.82× 10−3 | 3.74× 10−3 | 0.6442 | n/a | 69.60% |
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Radford, S.A.; Panuwet, P.; Hunter Jr., R.E.; Barr, D.B.; Ryan, P.B. Degradation of Organophosphorus and Pyrethroid Insecticides in Beverages: Implications for Risk Assessment. Toxics 2018, 6, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6010011
Radford SA, Panuwet P, Hunter Jr. RE, Barr DB, Ryan PB. Degradation of Organophosphorus and Pyrethroid Insecticides in Beverages: Implications for Risk Assessment. Toxics. 2018; 6(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6010011
Chicago/Turabian StyleRadford, Samantha A., Parinya Panuwet, Ronald E. Hunter Jr., Dana Boyd Barr, and P. Barry Ryan. 2018. "Degradation of Organophosphorus and Pyrethroid Insecticides in Beverages: Implications for Risk Assessment" Toxics 6, no. 1: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6010011