A Retrospective Analysis of Agricultural Herbicides in Surface Water Reveals Risk Plausibility for Declines in Submerged Aquatic Vegetation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.2. Sources for Toxicity Thresholds to Aquatic Life, Including SAV, and Pesticide and Land Use
3. Results
3.1. Herbicides in Surface Water
3.2. Toxicity Thresholds for Aquatic Life, Including SAV, and Pesticide and Land Use
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Herbicide | Measured Geometric Mean Concentration | Measured Maximum Concentration | US EPA OPP Aquatic Life Benchmarks | NC Surface Water Aquatic Life Standards | CCME Water Quality Guidelines a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonvascular Plants | Vascular Plants | Freshwater | Saltwater | Freshwater | |||
Alachlor | 674 | 6100 | 1640 | 2300 | NA | NA | NA |
Atrazine | 1836 | 41,000 | 1000 | 37,000 | 150,000 | 76,000 | 1800 |
Metolachlor | 1521 | 82,000 | NA | NA | 240,000 | NA | 7800 |
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Powell, K.W.; Cope, W.G.; LePrevost, C.E.; Augspurger, T.; McCarthy, A.M.; Shea, D. A Retrospective Analysis of Agricultural Herbicides in Surface Water Reveals Risk Plausibility for Declines in Submerged Aquatic Vegetation. Toxics 2017, 5, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5030021
Powell KW, Cope WG, LePrevost CE, Augspurger T, McCarthy AM, Shea D. A Retrospective Analysis of Agricultural Herbicides in Surface Water Reveals Risk Plausibility for Declines in Submerged Aquatic Vegetation. Toxics. 2017; 5(3):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5030021
Chicago/Turabian StylePowell, Kelly W., W. Gregory Cope, Catherine E. LePrevost, Tom Augspurger, Annette M. McCarthy, and Damian Shea. 2017. "A Retrospective Analysis of Agricultural Herbicides in Surface Water Reveals Risk Plausibility for Declines in Submerged Aquatic Vegetation" Toxics 5, no. 3: 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5030021