Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Chromium and Selenium in Feathers of Shorebirds during Migrating through Delaware Bay, New Jersey: Comparing the 1990s and 2011/2012
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Collecting Methods
2.2. Chemical Analysis
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
1991–1992 | 1995 | 2011–2012 | Temporal Kruskal-Wallis Chi-Square (p) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Analyzed in 2013 | Analyzed in 2013 | ||||||||||
Mean ± STD Error | Mean ± STD Error | Mean ± STD Error | |||||||||
Red Knot | n | 16 | 30 | ||||||||
Arsenic | 209 | ± | 22 | 446 | ± | 42 | 15.4 (<0.0001) | ||||
Cadmium | 19 | ± | 4 | 17 | ± | 2 | NS | ||||
Chromium | 291 | ± | 42 | 578 | ± | 83 | 7.6 (0.006) | ||||
Lead | 139 | ± | 13 | 484 | ± | 67 | 24.3 (<0.0001) | ||||
Mercury | 791 | ± | 77 | 576 | ± | 105 | 5.0 (0.03) | ||||
Selenium | 7550 | ± | 536 | 4835 | ± | 432 | 13.0 (0.0003) | ||||
Sanderling | n | 12 | 20 | ||||||||
Arsenic | 238 | ± | 39 | 311 | ± | 64 | NS | ||||
Cadmium | 14 | ± | 3 | 11 | ± | 3 | NS | ||||
Chromium | 764 | ± | 260 | 463 | ± | 62 | NS | ||||
Lead | 268 | ± | 52 | 367 | ± | 52 | NS | ||||
Mercury | 2007 | ± | 352 | 730 | ± | 109 | 8.5 (0.004) | ||||
Selenium | 2063 | ± | 266 | 3057 | ± | 781 | NS | ||||
Semipalmated Sandpiper | n | 12 | 28 | 30 | |||||||
Arsenic | 1140 | ± | 217 | 563 | ± | 52 | 842 | ± | 101 | 7.7 (0.02) | |
Cadmium | 48 | ± | 9 | 25 | ± | 7 | 14 | ± | 3 | 18.1 (0.0001) | |
Chromium | 1149 | ± | 294 | 450 | ± | 66 | 523 | ± | 64 | 11.0 (0.004) | |
Lead | 849 | ± | 165 | 553 | ± | 70 | 411 | ± | 46 | 9.2 (0.01) | |
Mercury | 420 | ± | 82 | 509 | ± | 31 | 428 | ± | 58 | NS | |
Selenium | 3462 | ± | 604 | 4165 | ± | 434 | 5802 | ± | 562 | 7.0 (0.03) | |
Species Comparisons Chi-Square (p) | |||||||||||
Arsenic | 15.0 (0.0005) | 25.4 (<0.0001) | |||||||||
Cadmium | 15.3 (0.0005) | 2.9 (NS) | |||||||||
Chromium | 12.1 (0.002) | 0.7 (NS) | |||||||||
Lead | 21.1 (<0.0001) | 0.8 (NS) | |||||||||
Mercury | 15.3 (0.0005) | 5.1 (NS) | |||||||||
Selenium | 24.8 (<0.0001) | 17.6 (0.0001) |
4. Discussion
4.1. Temporal Patterns
4.2. Interspecific Comparisons
4.3. Effects Levels
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Burger, J.; Tsipoura, N.; Niles, L.J.; Gochfeld, M.; Dey, A.; Mizrahi, D. Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Chromium and Selenium in Feathers of Shorebirds during Migrating through Delaware Bay, New Jersey: Comparing the 1990s and 2011/2012. Toxics 2015, 3, 63-74. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics3010063
Burger J, Tsipoura N, Niles LJ, Gochfeld M, Dey A, Mizrahi D. Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Chromium and Selenium in Feathers of Shorebirds during Migrating through Delaware Bay, New Jersey: Comparing the 1990s and 2011/2012. Toxics. 2015; 3(1):63-74. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics3010063
Chicago/Turabian StyleBurger, Joanna, Nellie Tsipoura, Lawrence J. Niles, Michael Gochfeld, Amanda Dey, and David Mizrahi. 2015. "Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Chromium and Selenium in Feathers of Shorebirds during Migrating through Delaware Bay, New Jersey: Comparing the 1990s and 2011/2012" Toxics 3, no. 1: 63-74. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics3010063
APA StyleBurger, J., Tsipoura, N., Niles, L. J., Gochfeld, M., Dey, A., & Mizrahi, D. (2015). Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Chromium and Selenium in Feathers of Shorebirds during Migrating through Delaware Bay, New Jersey: Comparing the 1990s and 2011/2012. Toxics, 3(1), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics3010063