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Toxics
Volume 14
Issue 2
10.3390/toxics14020113
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Communication

Histopathological Study of Changes in White-Pulp Structure Due to Lymphoid Depletion in the Spleen in Male Rats Caused by Exposure to Transitional Cigarette Smoke

by
Tyagita Hartady
1,2,*,
Stevania Sifora
2,
Ronny Lesmana
1 and
Brian Christian Sarniem
2
1
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
2
Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxics 2026, 14(2), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14020113
Submission received: 20 December 2025 / Revised: 19 January 2026 / Accepted: 23 January 2026 / Published: 26 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Topic Disease Risks and Toxic Pathway from Environmental Chemical Exposure)
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Highlights

What are the main findings?
  • Cigarette smoke induces lymphoid depletion, leading to white pulp dilation in the spleen.
  • Splenic damage includes necrosis and vascular degeneration.
  • Switching to e-cigarettes does not reduce splenic toxicity.
  • Combined cigarette exposure increases splenic toxic burden.
What are the implications of the main findings?
  • These findings indicate that e-cigarettes do not protect against splenic toxicity and may exacerbate immune dysfunction when combined with tobacco smoke.

Abstract

Conventional cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette vapor contain toxic compounds that may impair immune function, particularly in the spleen. This study evaluated histopathological changes in the spleen in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus, n = 32) divided into four groups: control, conventional-cigarette smoke (CCS), electronic cigarette vapor (ECS), and transitional cigarette smoke (TCS). The TCS group was sequentially exposed to CCS for 15 days followed by ECS for 15 days, with twice-daily exposure. Spleen tissues were analyzed semi-quantitatively using ImageJ and statistically using the Kruskal–Wallis test after Shapiro–Wilk normality testing. Comparisons among the four groups showed significant differences in necrosis (p = 0.025) and vascular degeneration (p = 0.027). In contrast, hemosiderin, congestion, stretching, and vacuolization parameters did not show statistically significant differences among groups (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that switching from conventional cigarettes to e-cigarettes does not protect against splenic damage and may exacerbate immune dysfunction due to cumulative toxic exposure.
Keywords: electronic cigarette; histopathology; spleen; tobacco cigarette; transition cigarettes electronic cigarette; histopathology; spleen; tobacco cigarette; transition cigarettes
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MDPI and ACS Style

Hartady, T.; Sifora, S.; Lesmana, R.; Sarniem, B.C. Histopathological Study of Changes in White-Pulp Structure Due to Lymphoid Depletion in the Spleen in Male Rats Caused by Exposure to Transitional Cigarette Smoke. Toxics 2026, 14, 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14020113

AMA Style

Hartady T, Sifora S, Lesmana R, Sarniem BC. Histopathological Study of Changes in White-Pulp Structure Due to Lymphoid Depletion in the Spleen in Male Rats Caused by Exposure to Transitional Cigarette Smoke. Toxics. 2026; 14(2):113. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14020113

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hartady, Tyagita, Stevania Sifora, Ronny Lesmana, and Brian Christian Sarniem. 2026. "Histopathological Study of Changes in White-Pulp Structure Due to Lymphoid Depletion in the Spleen in Male Rats Caused by Exposure to Transitional Cigarette Smoke" Toxics 14, no. 2: 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14020113

APA Style

Hartady, T., Sifora, S., Lesmana, R., & Sarniem, B. C. (2026). Histopathological Study of Changes in White-Pulp Structure Due to Lymphoid Depletion in the Spleen in Male Rats Caused by Exposure to Transitional Cigarette Smoke. Toxics, 14(2), 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14020113

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