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Volume 14
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10.3390/toxics14010085
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Highly Efficient Adsorption of Pb(II) by Magnesium-Modified Zeolite: Performance and Mechanisms

by
Yuting Yang
1,†,
Xiong Wang
1,†,
Sumra Siddique Abbasi
1,
Bin Zhou
2,
Qing Huang
3,
Shujuan Zhang
4,
Xinsheng Xiao
1,
Hao Li
1,
Huayi Chen
1,* and
Yueming Hu
1,*
1
School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
2
Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
3
School of Environment Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
4
School of Architecture and Planning, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Toxics 2026, 14(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010085 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 9 December 2025 / Revised: 5 January 2026 / Accepted: 15 January 2026 / Published: 17 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green and Advanced Technologies for the Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Aquatic Environments)
Versions Notes

Abstract

In this study, magnesium-modified clinoptilolite (MZ) was successfully synthesized via precipitation and calcination to efficiently remove Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. The material was systematically characterized using BET, XRD, SEM-EDX, FT-IR, and XPS. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.9956), with MZ removing over 70% of Pb(II) within the first 3 h. Isotherm data were best described by the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.9686), confirming monolayer chemical adsorption, with a maximum adsorption capacity (qₘ) of 1656 mg/g. Notably, MZ maintained high adsorption capacity across a pH range of 3.0~5.5, and its performance was largely unaffected by the presence of high concentrations of competing ions (0.1~1.0 M NaNO3). Mechanistic analysis revealed that the loaded MgO facilitates the chemical conversion of Pb(II) to hydroxycarbonate (Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2) via surface complexation, which constitutes the primary removal mechanism. These findings demonstrate that magnesium modification can transform natural zeolites into high-capacity, stable adsorbents, offering promising potential for the treatment of Pb(II)-contaminated water.
Keywords: natural mineral; heavy metal; metal modification; precipitation method; ion exchange natural mineral; heavy metal; metal modification; precipitation method; ion exchange

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Yang, Y.; Wang, X.; Abbasi, S.S.; Zhou, B.; Huang, Q.; Zhang, S.; Xiao, X.; Li, H.; Chen, H.; Hu, Y. Highly Efficient Adsorption of Pb(II) by Magnesium-Modified Zeolite: Performance and Mechanisms. Toxics 2026, 14, 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010085

AMA Style

Yang Y, Wang X, Abbasi SS, Zhou B, Huang Q, Zhang S, Xiao X, Li H, Chen H, Hu Y. Highly Efficient Adsorption of Pb(II) by Magnesium-Modified Zeolite: Performance and Mechanisms. Toxics. 2026; 14(1):85. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010085

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang, Yuting, Xiong Wang, Sumra Siddique Abbasi, Bin Zhou, Qing Huang, Shujuan Zhang, Xinsheng Xiao, Hao Li, Huayi Chen, and Yueming Hu. 2026. "Highly Efficient Adsorption of Pb(II) by Magnesium-Modified Zeolite: Performance and Mechanisms" Toxics 14, no. 1: 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010085

APA Style

Yang, Y., Wang, X., Abbasi, S. S., Zhou, B., Huang, Q., Zhang, S., Xiao, X., Li, H., Chen, H., & Hu, Y. (2026). Highly Efficient Adsorption of Pb(II) by Magnesium-Modified Zeolite: Performance and Mechanisms. Toxics, 14(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010085

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