Children and Adolescents’ Susceptibility to Domoic Acid in Southern China: Preliminary Evidence Revealing Baseline Exposure Profiles and Multidimensional Influencing Factors
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Urine Sample Preparation
2.4. HPLC–MS/MS Analysis
2.5. Method Validation
2.6. Exposure Risk Assessment
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Method Validation
3.2. Levels of DA in Urine Samples
3.3. Effect of Gender
3.4. Effect of Age
3.5. Effect of BMI
3.6. Estimated Daily Intake and Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DA | Domoic acid |
DNS-Cl | Dansyl-chloride |
HPLC–MS/MS | High-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry |
EDI | Estimated daily intake |
DF | Detect frequency |
BMI | Body mass index |
LOD | Limit of detection |
LOQ | Limit of quantification |
IQR | Interquartile range |
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Groups | n | n (<LOD) | Concentration (ng/mL) | DF | EDI (ng/kg/day) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | 25th–75th Percentiles | ||||||
All | 216 | 28 | 2.17 | 0.87–4.08 | 87.0% | 1.73–374 | |
Gender | Male | 113 | 11 | 2.44 | 1.03–4.07 | 90.3% | 1.73–374 |
Female | 103 | 17 | 2.0 | 0.6–4.19 | 83.5% | 2.16–321 | |
Age (years) | 6–9 years | 64 | 15 | 1.40 | 0.55–3.49 | 76.6% | 1.73–321 |
10–13 years | 71 | 6 | 2.16 | 0.94–4.07 | 91.6% | 2.16–374 | |
14–18 years | 81 | 7 | 2.93 | 1.06–5.06 | 91.4% | 2.21–244 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | ≤18.5 | 114 | 27 | 1.39 | 0.61–3.90 | 76.3% | 2.65–374 |
18.5–25 | 82 | 0 | 2.85 | 1.18–4.56 | 100% | 2.16–307 | |
≥25 | 20 | 1 | 2.36 | 1.44–3.75 | 95.0% | 1.73–141 |
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Lin, Y.; Long, T.; Zou, S.; Hua, R.; Ye, M.; Ma, S.; Peng, B. Children and Adolescents’ Susceptibility to Domoic Acid in Southern China: Preliminary Evidence Revealing Baseline Exposure Profiles and Multidimensional Influencing Factors. Toxics 2025, 13, 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13080628
Lin Y, Long T, Zou S, Hua R, Ye M, Ma S, Peng B. Children and Adolescents’ Susceptibility to Domoic Acid in Southern China: Preliminary Evidence Revealing Baseline Exposure Profiles and Multidimensional Influencing Factors. Toxics. 2025; 13(8):628. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13080628
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Yuxin, Tingze Long, Siyi Zou, Rui Hua, Meixia Ye, Shengtao Ma, and Bo Peng. 2025. "Children and Adolescents’ Susceptibility to Domoic Acid in Southern China: Preliminary Evidence Revealing Baseline Exposure Profiles and Multidimensional Influencing Factors" Toxics 13, no. 8: 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13080628
APA StyleLin, Y., Long, T., Zou, S., Hua, R., Ye, M., Ma, S., & Peng, B. (2025). Children and Adolescents’ Susceptibility to Domoic Acid in Southern China: Preliminary Evidence Revealing Baseline Exposure Profiles and Multidimensional Influencing Factors. Toxics, 13(8), 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13080628