Microplastics and Endocrine Disruptors in Typical Wastewater Treatment Plants in Megacity Shanghai
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Chemicals
2.2. Field Sampling
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. Instrumental Analysis
2.5. Quality Control
2.6. Risk Assessment
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Behavior of MPs in and through Two Typical WWTPs in Megacity
3.1.1. Contamination Patterns of MPs in the Influent and Source Analysis
3.1.2. Behavior of MPs through the WWTP
3.2. EDCs in the WWTPs
3.2.1. EDCs in the Influent and Source Diagnosis
3.2.2. The Removal Efficiencies of EDCs through Different Treatment Compartments
3.3. Relationship between EDCs and MPs
3.4. Risk Reduction by the WWTPs
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Potential Ecological Risk Factor | Ecological Risk level |
---|---|
<10 | I |
10–100 | II |
100–1000 | III |
>1000 | IV |
Wet | Dry | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary Treatment | Secondary Treatment | Tertiary Treatment | Total Removal Rate | Primary Treatment | Secondary Treatment | Tertiary Treatment | Total Removal Rate | ||
WWTP-A | BPA | 58.25% | 77.97% | 69.90% | 97.23% | 34.17% | 96.12% | 34.40% | 98.32% |
NP | 26.26% | 91.46% | 24.10% | 95.22% | 40.29% | 87.84% | 22.26% | 94.36% | |
E1 | 21.74% | 84.41% | −3.31% | 87.39% | 27.83% | 68.44% | 24.26% | 82.75% | |
E2 | −178.99% | 78.91% | 65.90% | 79.93% | 37.33% | 91.01% | 44.88% | 96.89% | |
E3 | 15.50% | 16.47% | 13.60% | 39.02% | −4.53% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | |
∑ EDCs | 40.91% | 80.67% | 40.62% | 93.22% | 35.30% | 92.63% | 26.92% | 96.52% | |
WWTP-B | BPA | 63.25% | 92.98% | 97.86% | 99.76% | −447.56% | 98.95% | 76.17% | 98.63% |
NP | 46.13% | 88.03% | 91.03% | 99.42% | −1513.88% | 94.80% | 99.45% | 99.54% | |
E1 | 2.67% | 96.44% | 64.68% | 98.77% | −146.65% | 81.77% | 90.55% | 95.75% | |
E2 | 20.73% | 40.23% | 100.00% | 100.00% | −115.30% | 96.64% | 100.00% | 100.00% | |
E3 | 13.33% | 18.24% | 100.00% | 100.00% | −33.71% | 77.80% | 100.00% | 100.00% | |
∑ EDCs | −23.54% | 90.57% | 96.89% | 99.64% | −585.78% | 95.71% | 96.52% | 98.98% |
WWTPs | Sampling Season | Influent RI | Risk Level of Influent | Effluent RI | Risk Level of Effluent | Risk Reduction Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WWTP-A | Wet | 14.0 | II | 1.89 | I | 86.51% |
Dry | 8.1 | II | 1.25 | I | 84.42% | |
WWTP-B | Wet | 24.5 | II | 3.43 | I | 85.97% |
Dry | 21.1 | II | 4.28 | I | 79.68% |
Risk to Algae | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WWTPs | Sampling Season | Influent RQ | Influent Risk Level | Effluent RQ | Effluent Risk Level | Risk Reduction Rate (%) |
WWTP-A | Wet | 0.547 | Intermediate | 0.024 | Low | 95.7% |
Dry | 0.428 | Intermediate | 0.0175 | Low | 95.9% | |
WWTP-B | Wet | 3.08 | High | 0.0126 | Low | 99.6% |
Dry | 0.106 | Intermediate | 0.0014 | Low | 98.7% | |
Risk to fish | ||||||
WWTP-A | Wet | 239 | High | 30.1 | high | 87.4% |
Dry | 160 | High | 25.8 | high | 83.9% | |
WWTP-B | Wet | 648 | High | 7.54 | high | 98.8% |
Dry | 87.8 | High | 3.40 | high | 96.1% |
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Tong, Y.; Xie, M.; Xv, H.; Sun, R.; Wang, Q.; Li, J. Microplastics and Endocrine Disruptors in Typical Wastewater Treatment Plants in Megacity Shanghai. Toxics 2024, 12, 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050345
Tong Y, Xie M, Xv H, Sun R, Wang Q, Li J. Microplastics and Endocrine Disruptors in Typical Wastewater Treatment Plants in Megacity Shanghai. Toxics. 2024; 12(5):345. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050345
Chicago/Turabian StyleTong, Yuxiao, Manjun Xie, Hanwen Xv, Ruihua Sun, Qian Wang, and Juanying Li. 2024. "Microplastics and Endocrine Disruptors in Typical Wastewater Treatment Plants in Megacity Shanghai" Toxics 12, no. 5: 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050345