Exposure to Methylmercury at Juvenile Stage Worsens Autism-like Symptoms in Adult BTBR T+tf/J Mice Due to Lack of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Signaling Upregulation in Periphery and Brain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Model
2.2. Drug Administration
2.3. Marble Burying Test
2.4. Self-Grooming Test
2.5. Three-Chambered Sociability Test
2.6. Flow Cytometry
2.7. Trans-Activation ELISA Assay in the Cortex for Nrf2 Binding with Its Antioxidant Response Element
2.8. Real-Time PCR
2.9. Lipid Peroxides Measurement in Brain
2.10. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Activity Measurement in Brain
2.11. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Methylmercury Chloride Administration during Juvenile Stage on Autism-like Behavior in Adult BTBR and B6 Mice
3.2. Effect of Methylmercury Chloride during Juvenile Stage on Nrf2-Mediated Signaling in Peripheral Neutrophils of Adult BTBR and B6 Mice
3.3. Effect of Methylmercury Chloride during Juvenile Stage on NF-kB-Mediated Signaling in Peripheral Neutrophils of Adult BTBR and B6 Mice
3.4. Effect of Methylmercury Chloride during Juvenile Stage on Nrf2-Mediated Signaling in the Cortex of Adult BTBR and B6 Mice
3.5. Effect of Methylmercury Chloride during Juvenile Stage on NF-kB Mediated Signaling in the Cortex of Adult BTBR and B6 Mice
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Algahtani, M.M.; Ahmad, S.F.; Alkharashi, L.A.; Al-Harbi, N.O.; Alanazi, W.A.; Alhamed, A.S.; Attia, S.M.; Bakheet, S.A.; Ibrahim, K.E.; Nadeem, A. Exposure to Methylmercury at Juvenile Stage Worsens Autism-like Symptoms in Adult BTBR T+tf/J Mice Due to Lack of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Signaling Upregulation in Periphery and Brain. Toxics 2023, 11, 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11060546
Algahtani MM, Ahmad SF, Alkharashi LA, Al-Harbi NO, Alanazi WA, Alhamed AS, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Ibrahim KE, Nadeem A. Exposure to Methylmercury at Juvenile Stage Worsens Autism-like Symptoms in Adult BTBR T+tf/J Mice Due to Lack of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Signaling Upregulation in Periphery and Brain. Toxics. 2023; 11(6):546. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11060546
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlgahtani, Mohammad M., Sheikh F. Ahmad, Layla A. Alkharashi, Naif O. Al-Harbi, Wael A. Alanazi, Abdullah S. Alhamed, Sabry M. Attia, Saleh A. Bakheet, Khalid E. Ibrahim, and Ahmed Nadeem. 2023. "Exposure to Methylmercury at Juvenile Stage Worsens Autism-like Symptoms in Adult BTBR T+tf/J Mice Due to Lack of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Signaling Upregulation in Periphery and Brain" Toxics 11, no. 6: 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11060546