Monitoring the Health of Coastal Environments in the Pacific Region—A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Main Asia-Pacific Regions
2.1. New Zealand
2.1.1. Regulations and Guidelines
2.1.2. Monitoring
2.2. Australia
2.2.1. Regulations and Guidelines
2.2.2. Monitoring
2.3. China
2.3.1. Regulations and Guidelines
2.3.2. Monitoring
2.4. Japan
2.4.1. Regulations and Guidelines
2.4.2. Monitoring
3. Future Trends
4. Solutions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Population living by the coast | Pollution sources | Main governance bodies | Policies |
---|---|---|---|---|
New Zealand | >75 % of 5 million live within 10 km of the coast 1 | Urban sources Farming Forestry | Maori | Resource Management Act (1991) |
Regional Council | ||||
Environment Protection Authority (EPA) Ministry for the Environment (MfE) Maritime NZ | ||||
Australia | 85% of 22 million live within 50 km of the coast | Urban sources Farming Mining | Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) | Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 |
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water | ||||
China | 45% of 1.4 billion live in coastal provinces 2 | Fishery Transport Tourism Discharges | Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Ministry of Transport Maritime Safety Administration Ministry of Ecology and Environment | Environmental Protection Act 2017 Action of Preventing and Controlling the Pollution from Ship and Ports (2015–2020) Guideline for marine bathing beach monitoring and assessment; Guideline for marine debris monitoring; Assessment; Technical guide for Marine waste monitoring; Technical regulations for environmental monitoring and evaluation of land-based sewage outlets and adjacent sea areas |
Japan | 85% of 124.6 million live in coastal areas 3 | Industrial waste Transport Farming Domestic waste | Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Ministry of the Environment Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Ministry of the Environment Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of the Environment Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Ministry of the Environment | Act on the Evaluation of Chemical Substances and Regulation of Their Manufacture, Air Pollution Control Act, Water Pollution Prevention Act Air Pollution Control Act Agricultural Chemicals Regulation Law, Water Pollution Prevention Act Water Pollution Prevention Act, Waste Disposal Law, The Basic Environment Law |
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Tremblay, L.A.; Chariton, A.A.; Li, M.-S.; Zhang, Y.; Horiguchi, T.; Ellis, J.I. Monitoring the Health of Coastal Environments in the Pacific Region—A Review. Toxics 2023, 11, 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030277
Tremblay LA, Chariton AA, Li M-S, Zhang Y, Horiguchi T, Ellis JI. Monitoring the Health of Coastal Environments in the Pacific Region—A Review. Toxics. 2023; 11(3):277. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030277
Chicago/Turabian StyleTremblay, Louis A., Anthony A. Chariton, Meng-Shuo Li, Yong Zhang, Toshihiro Horiguchi, and Joanne I. Ellis. 2023. "Monitoring the Health of Coastal Environments in the Pacific Region—A Review" Toxics 11, no. 3: 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030277