The Presence of Ultra-Traces of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Heavy Metals in Some Areas of Molise: The Importance of a “Blank” in Public Health Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites and Sampling for Environmental Blank Analysis
2.2. Study Sites and Sampling for HMs and PAHs Analysis
2.3. Extraction and Determination of HMs from Soil Samples
2.4. Extraction and Determination of PAHs from Soil Samples
2.5. Extraction and Determination of HMs from Honeybee Samples
2.6. Extraction and Determination of PAHs from Honeybee Samples
3. Results
3.1. Soil Samples Results: Environmental Blank
3.2. Honeybee Sample Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Environmental Contamination Levels
4.2. Exposure to Environmental Chemical of the Vulnerable Populations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Locality | Cu | Cu * | Ni | Ni * | Zn | Zn * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monteforte | 61.0 ± 2.1 | 120 | 37.2 ± 5.6 | 120 | 52.6 ± 3.4 | 150 |
Verrino | 27.2 ± 0.8 | 14.1 ± 0.5 | 39.7 ± 3.2 | |||
Guardata | 21.6 ± 0.3 | 12.9 ± 1.6 | 46.5 ± 7.4 | |||
Guado Cannavina | 22.7 ± 1.7 | 24.3 ± 2.8 | 38.8 ± 2.2 | |||
Monte S. Nicola | 64.2 ± 1.8 | 16.3 ± 1.4 | 34.2 ± 5.1 | |||
Macchia Bassa | 64.9 ± 2.4 | 16.5 ± 0.9 | 31.9 ± 2.8 |
Locality | Fluorene | Fluorene * | Phenanthrene | Phenanthrene * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Monteforte | <LOD | 50 | <LOD | 50 |
Verrino | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 9.5 ± 0.4 | ||
Guardata | 17.0 ± 0.4 | <LOD | ||
Guado Cannavina | 15.0 ± 0.9 | 11.5 ± 0.8 | ||
Monte S. Nicola | 4.0 ± 0.5 | <LOD | ||
Macchia Bassa | 2.5 ± 0.05 | <LOD |
HMs | ICP-OES | AA |
---|---|---|
Cu | 0.05 | 4.0 |
Zn | 0.02 | 3.0 |
Pb | 0.01 | 1.0 |
Cd | 0.02 | 2.0 |
Ni | 0.02 | 3.0 |
PAHs | GC-MS (QqQ) | |
BaP | 0.02 | |
BaA | 0.02 | |
BkFA | 0.03 | |
CHR | 0.03 | |
IP | 0.05 | |
PY | 0.04 | |
BbFA | 0.05 | |
BghiP | 0.06 | |
DBahA | 0.06 | |
Fle | 0.07 | |
Phe | 0.07 |
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Notardonato, I.; Fantasma, F.; Monaco, P.; Di Fiore, C.; Saviano, G.; Giancola, C.; Avino, P.; De Felice, V. The Presence of Ultra-Traces of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Heavy Metals in Some Areas of Molise: The Importance of a “Blank” in Public Health Studies. Toxics 2023, 11, 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030250
Notardonato I, Fantasma F, Monaco P, Di Fiore C, Saviano G, Giancola C, Avino P, De Felice V. The Presence of Ultra-Traces of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Heavy Metals in Some Areas of Molise: The Importance of a “Blank” in Public Health Studies. Toxics. 2023; 11(3):250. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030250
Chicago/Turabian StyleNotardonato, Ivan, Francesca Fantasma, Pamela Monaco, Cristina Di Fiore, Gabriella Saviano, Carmen Giancola, Pasquale Avino, and Vincenzo De Felice. 2023. "The Presence of Ultra-Traces of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Heavy Metals in Some Areas of Molise: The Importance of a “Blank” in Public Health Studies" Toxics 11, no. 3: 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030250