Time Patterns in Internal Human Exposure Data to Bisphenols, Phthalates, DINCH, Organophosphate Flame Retardants, Cadmium and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Europe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Study Population
2.2. Exposure Analysis
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Time Patterns Observed in Children (5–12 Years) in Europe
3.1.1. Phthalates and DINCH
3.1.2. OPFRs
3.2. Time Patterns Observed in Adult Women (24–52 Years) in Europe
3.2.1. Cadmium
3.2.2. Bisphenols
3.2.3. PAHs
3.2.4. Strengths and Limitations
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HBM4EU | European Human Biomonitoring Initiative |
HBM | Human biomonitoring |
OPFRs | Organophosphorus flame retardants |
PAHs | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
DINCH | 1:2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester |
Cd | Cadmium |
PFAS | Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances |
FR | Flame retardants |
ECHA | European Chemicals Agency |
PBDEs | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers |
OPFRs | Organophosphate flame retardants |
IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
BPA | Bisphenol A |
BPS | Bisphenol S |
BPF | Bisphenol F |
SOPs | Standard operating procedures |
ICIs | Interlaboratory comparison investigations |
EQUAS | External quality assessment schemes |
DEHP | Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate |
DnBP | Di-n-butyl phthalate |
BBzP | Butylbenzyl phthalate |
DINP | Di-isononyl phthalate |
DIDP | Di-isodecyl phthalate |
DNOP | Di-n-octyl-phthalate |
DIBP | Di-isobutyl phthalate |
DnPeP | Di-n-pentyl phthalate |
MEHP | Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate |
5OH-MEHP | Mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxy- hexyl) phthalate |
5cx-MEPP | Mono (2-ethyl-5-carboxy- pentyl) phthalate |
5oxo-MEHP | Mono (2-ethyl-5-oxo-hexyl) phthalate |
MEP | Mono-ethyl phthalate |
MnBP | Mono-n-butyl phthalate |
MiBP | Mono-isobutyl phthalate |
Oxo-MiNP | 7-Oxo-(Mono-methyl-octyl) phthalate |
MnOP | Mono-n-octyl phthalate |
cx-MINCH | Cyclohexane-1:2-dicarboxylate-mono-(7-carboxylate-4-methyl) heptyl ester |
OH-MINCH | Cyclohexane-1:2-dicarboxylate-mono-(7-hydroxy-4-methyl) octyl ester |
ESB | Environmental Specimen Bank |
SVHCs | Substance of very high concern |
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Rodriguez Martin, L.; Gilles, L.; Helte, E.; Åkesson, A.; Tägt, J.; Covaci, A.; Sakhi, A.K.; Van Nieuwenhuyse, A.; Katsonouri, A.; Andersson, A.-M.; et al. Time Patterns in Internal Human Exposure Data to Bisphenols, Phthalates, DINCH, Organophosphate Flame Retardants, Cadmium and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Europe. Toxics 2023, 11, 819. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100819
Rodriguez Martin L, Gilles L, Helte E, Åkesson A, Tägt J, Covaci A, Sakhi AK, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Katsonouri A, Andersson A-M, et al. Time Patterns in Internal Human Exposure Data to Bisphenols, Phthalates, DINCH, Organophosphate Flame Retardants, Cadmium and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Europe. Toxics. 2023; 11(10):819. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100819
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodriguez Martin, Laura, Liese Gilles, Emilie Helte, Agneta Åkesson, Jonas Tägt, Adrian Covaci, Amrit K. Sakhi, An Van Nieuwenhuyse, Andromachi Katsonouri, Anna-Maria Andersson, and et al. 2023. "Time Patterns in Internal Human Exposure Data to Bisphenols, Phthalates, DINCH, Organophosphate Flame Retardants, Cadmium and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Europe" Toxics 11, no. 10: 819. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100819