Total Mercury Mass Load from the Paglia–Tiber River System: The Contribution to Mediterranean Sea Hg Budget
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling
2.1.1. Study Area
2.1.2. Sampling Sites
- PC: at the Paglia River starting point at the confluence between Pagliola and Cacarello Creeks (same point sampled in 2020)
- PA: along Paglia River, near the town of Allerona, about 40 km from the source and 20 km upstream of the confluence with Tiber River AV: along Tiber River, downstream of the Alviano reservoir
- RM-PP: along Tiber River within the city limits of Rome
- RM-PG: along Tiber River downstream of the city of Rome
- PC: at Paglia River starting point (see above)
- TP2: downstream from confluence with Siele Creek
- SIE_M: upstream of the SMA
- SIE_V: downstream of the SMA, at the exit of the mining site
- TSIE: downstream the SMA, where the steepness decreases, before the confluence with Paglia River
- TST: downstream of the Cornacchino mining area (Figure 1B)
- RIGO: along Rigo Creek before the confluence with Paglia River. At this site, water was collected for total Hg (Hgt), and water discharge was not measured.
2.2. Water Sampling Procedures
2.3. Water Discharge Measurements
2.4. Mercury Mass Load (M-Hg) Calculation
2.5. Bedload Sediment Sampling
- AC1: at the Paglia River starting point
- TRAP_3: after the confluence with Minestrone Creek and before the confluence with Senna Creek
- SIE_1: at the exit of Siele Creek from the mining area
- AC2 and SIE_3: at 400 and 550 m downstream the mining area, respectively
- AC3: about 1 km downstream of the TSIE sampling site
- AC4: downstream the Cornacchino mining area
2.6. Chemical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sampling Campaign 2014
3.2. Sampling Campaign 2020
4. Discussion
4.1. The Role of Water Discharge and Geohydrologic Setting on Hg Concentration and Mass Load
4.2. Contribution to Hg-Budget in the Mediterranean Sea
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Id | River/Creek | Latitude | Longitude | Campaign |
---|---|---|---|---|
PC | Pagliola | 42.88291 | 11.72913 | 2014; 2020 |
TP2 | Paglia | 42.79536 | 11.80698 | 2020 |
PA | Paglia | 42.77540 | 12.04620 | 2014 |
AV | Tiber | 42.58313 | 12.25053 | 2014 |
RM-PP | Tiber | 41.88342 | 12.47536 | 2014 |
RM-PG | Tiber | 41.80527 | 12.34677 | 2014 |
SIE_M | Siele | 42.78945 | 11.66759 | 2020 |
SIE_V | Siele | 42.78944 | 11.66758 | 2020 |
TSIE | Siele | 42.78700 | 11.74366 | 2020 |
TST | Stridolone | 42.74460 | 11.76372 | 2020 |
RIGO | Rigo | 42.82961 | 11.77992 | 2020 |
Period | 9–16 September 2014 | 1–8 June 2020 | 29 October–5 November 2020 |
---|---|---|---|
Cumulate | 51.8 | 95.2 | 0.8 |
Daily Average | 6.47 | 19.04 | 0.2 |
Raining days | 4 | 4 | 0 |
Daily max | 22 | 65 | 0.2 |
Q | TSS | Hgt | Hgd | Hgp | M-Hgt | M-Hgd | M-Hgp | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L s−1 | mg L−1 | ng L−1 | ng L−1 | ng L−1 | g day−1 | g day−1 | g day−1 | |
September 2014 | ||||||||
PC | 190 | - | 316 | 6.0 | 310 | 5 | 0.1 | 5 |
PA | 1530 | - | 8.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
AV | 57,000 | - | 45 | 2.0 | 43 | 223 | 9 | 214 |
RM-PP | 87,000 | - | 12 | - | - | 91 | - | - |
RM-PG | 87,000 * | - | 15 | 2.0 | 13 | 112 | 13 | 99 |
June 2020 | ||||||||
PC | 285 | - | 89 | - | - | 2 | - | - |
TP2 | 2700 | - | 181 | - | - | 42 | - | - |
SIE_M | 15 ** | - | 103 | - | - | 0.1 | - | - |
SIE_V | 17 | - | 1601 | - | - | 2 | - | - |
TSIE | 139 | - | 50 | - | - | 0.6 | - | - |
TST | 11 | - | 18 | - | - | 0.02 | - | - |
RIGO | - | - | 43 | - | - | - | - | - |
November 2020 | ||||||||
PC | 13 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 2.2 | 0.003 | 0.0003 | 0.002 |
TP2 | 454 | 1.5 | 0.8 | - | 2.3 | 0.03 | - | 0.09 |
SIE_M | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
SIE_V | 4 | 0.7 | 603 | 401 | 202 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.07 |
TSIE | 63 | 0.2 | 14 | 12 | 2.3 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.01 |
TST | 32 | 0.3 | 38 | 36 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
RIGO | - | - | <1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Id | Working Period | Hgt (mg kg−1) | Latitude | Longitude |
---|---|---|---|---|
Siele Creek | ||||
SIE_1 | June–October 2020 | 18 | 42.78961 | 11.66757 |
AC2 | February 2019 | 110 | 42.78996 | 11.67208 |
SIE_3 | June–July 2020 | 66 | 42.79017 | 11.67375 |
AC3 | August 2019 | 6.3 | 42.78271 | 11.76357 |
Paglia River | ||||
AC1 | September 2018 | 2.0 | 42.88305 | 11.72879 |
TRAP_3 | January–February 2020 | 23 | 42.82958 | 11.75200 |
Stridolone Creek | ||||
AC4 | February 2019 | 290 | 42.75318 | 11.67045 |
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Fornasaro, S.; Morelli, G.; Costagliola, P.; Rimondi, V.; Lattanzi, P.; Fagotti, C. Total Mercury Mass Load from the Paglia–Tiber River System: The Contribution to Mediterranean Sea Hg Budget. Toxics 2022, 10, 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070395
Fornasaro S, Morelli G, Costagliola P, Rimondi V, Lattanzi P, Fagotti C. Total Mercury Mass Load from the Paglia–Tiber River System: The Contribution to Mediterranean Sea Hg Budget. Toxics. 2022; 10(7):395. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070395
Chicago/Turabian StyleFornasaro, Silvia, Guia Morelli, Pilario Costagliola, Valentina Rimondi, Pierfranco Lattanzi, and Cesare Fagotti. 2022. "Total Mercury Mass Load from the Paglia–Tiber River System: The Contribution to Mediterranean Sea Hg Budget" Toxics 10, no. 7: 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070395