Nickel’s Role in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Potential Involvement of microRNAs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Sampling
2.2. Human Sample Analysis
2.3. Pancreatic Cell Cultures and Nickel Treatment
2.4. Chemicals and Antibodies
2.5. LC50 Assays to Determine Nickel Toxicity after 48 h of Exposure
2.6. Changes in Protein Expression
2.7. Caspase 3/7 Kinetic Assays
2.8. RNA Extraction and Analysis of miR Expression
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Ni Concentration in PDAC Tissue Samples
3.2. Determination of LC50 Values for NiCl2 and Ni-Acetate in PDAC Cell Lines
3.3. Changes in Protein Expressions of β-Catenin, Phospho-AKT, p53, and FOXO-1
3.4. Changes in Protein Expressions of PTEN and PARP, and Caspase 3/7 Activity
3.5. Changes in miR Expression Levels in Response to Nickel Chloride Treatments in PDAC Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADAM9 | A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 9 |
AKT | Ak strain transforming |
Bad | Bcl-2-associated death promoter |
CD | Cadmium |
CDKNs | Cyclin-dependent kinases |
CDKN2A | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A |
DMSO | Dimethylsulfoxide |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
ERK | Extracellular receptor kinase |
FBS | Foetal bovine serum |
FOXO-1 | Forkhead box protein O1 |
GSK3β | Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta |
HER2 | Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 |
HIF-1 | Hypoxia-inducible-factor-1 |
HPNE | Human pancreatic nestin-expressing |
HRP | Horseradish peroxidase |
IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
IKK-ɑ | IkappaB kinase |
K-RAS | Kirsten rat sarcoma viral homolog |
LC50 | Lethal concentration 50%: concentration that is lethal to half the population of cells |
MDM2 | Mouse double minute 2 homolog or E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase |
miRs/miRNAs | microRNAs |
mRNAs | Messenger RNAs |
mTOR | mechanistic target of rapamycin |
Ni | Nickel |
Ni-acetate | Nickel acetate |
NiCl2 | Nickel chloride |
PanIN | Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia |
PARP | Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase |
PBS | Phosphate-buffered saline |
PDAC | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma |
phospho-AKT | Phosphorylated protein kinase B (PKB) |
PI3K | Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase |
PIP2 | Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate |
PIP3 | Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate |
PTEN | Phosphatase and tensin homolog |
RhoA | Ras homolog family member A |
ROCK | Rho-associated kinase |
SD | Standard deviation |
tp53 | Tumour protein 53 |
UTRs | Untranslated regions |
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Metals (µM ± S.D.) | ||
---|---|---|
Cell Type | NiCl2 | Ni-Acetate |
HPNE | 319.8 ± 24.1 | 167.3 ± 28.7 |
AsPC-1 | 196.3 ± 26.9 | 81.3 ± 6.1 |
Panc-1 | 1068 ± 69.3 # | 1128 ± 101.3 †,* |
BxPC-3 | 953.5 ± 132.5 * | 290.6 ± 38.8 # |
Panc-10.05 | >5000 † | 183.5 ± 22.8 |
MiaPaCa-2 | 4209 ± 875 † | 119.3 ± 33.1 a |
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Mortoglou, M.; Manić, L.; Buha Djordjevic, A.; Bulat, Z.; Đorđević, V.; Manis, K.; Valle, E.; York, L.; Wallace, D.; Uysal-Onganer, P. Nickel’s Role in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Potential Involvement of microRNAs. Toxics 2022, 10, 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10030148
Mortoglou M, Manić L, Buha Djordjevic A, Bulat Z, Đorđević V, Manis K, Valle E, York L, Wallace D, Uysal-Onganer P. Nickel’s Role in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Potential Involvement of microRNAs. Toxics. 2022; 10(3):148. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10030148
Chicago/Turabian StyleMortoglou, Maria, Luka Manić, Aleksandra Buha Djordjevic, Zorica Bulat, Vladimir Đorđević, Katherine Manis, Elizabeth Valle, Lauren York, David Wallace, and Pinar Uysal-Onganer. 2022. "Nickel’s Role in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Potential Involvement of microRNAs" Toxics 10, no. 3: 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10030148