Child Tobacco Smoke Exposure, Indoor Home Characteristics, and Housing Stability among a National Sample of U.S. Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Child Home TSE Status
2.2.2. Mold inside the Home
2.2.3. Pesticide Use inside the Home
2.2.4. Household Characteristics
2.3. Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Covariates and Child Home TSE Status
3.2. Child Home TSE Status and Mold inside the Home
3.3. Child Home TSE Status and Pesticide Use inside the Home
3.4. Child Home TSE Status and Household Characteristics
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Overall (N = 32,066) | Child Home TSE Status | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Home TSE (n = 27,720) | Home THS Exposure Only (n = 3929) | Home SHS and THS Exposure (n = 417) | p-Value | ||
Characteristics | n (%) a | n (%) a | n (%) a | n (%) a | |
Child Age, M (SE) | 5.7 (0.04) | 5.6 (0.04) | 5.9 (0.12) | 6.4 (0.28) | 0.003 |
Child Sex | 0.889 | ||||
Male | 16,734 (51.3) | 14,479 (51.4) | 2034 (50.6) | 221 (50.7) | |
Female | 15,332 (48.7) | 13,241 (48.6) | 1895 (49.4) | 196 (49.3) | |
Child Race/Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 22,263 (52.2) | 19,143 (51.2) | 2841 (58.8) | 279 (58.8) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1908 (12.4) | 1652 (12.5) | 189 (9.7) | 67 (26.2) | |
Hispanic | 3817 (24.3) | 3367 (25.0) | 429 (21.3) | 21 (7.0) | |
Non-Hispanic Other/Multiracial | 4078 (11.1) | 3558 (11.3) | 470 (10.2) | 50 (8.0) | |
Child Emotional, Developmental, or Behavioral Problem | <0.001 | ||||
No | 29,426 (93.7) | 25,641 (93.6) | 3455 (89.5) | 330 (83.3) | |
Yes | 2640 (7.0) | 2079 (6.4) | 474 (10.5) | 87 (16.7) | |
Caregiver Education Level | <0.001 | ||||
High school graduate/GED or lower | 4426 (25.5) | 3184 (22.8) | 1052 (41.0) | 190 (55.5) | |
Some college | 7336 (22.2) | 5661 (20.7) | 1499 (31.0) | 176 (35.5) | |
College degree or higher | 20,304 (52.3) | 18,875 (56.5) | 1378 (28.0) | 51 (9.0) | |
Family Structure | <0.001 | ||||
Two parents, currently married | 22,772 (64.7) | 20,609 (67.6) | 2037 (49.6) | 126 (21.0) | |
Two parents, not currently married | 2307 (9.1) | 1678 (8.3) | 557 (13.8) | 72 (16.6) | |
Single parent | 5365 (19.2) | 4220 (17.7) | 990 (27.4) | 155 (39.3) | |
Other/unknown family type | 1622 (7.0) | 1213 (6.4) | 345 (9.2) | 64 (23.1) | |
Federal Poverty Level | <0.001 | ||||
0–199% | 8884 (39.7) | 6880 (36.7) | 1718 (55.1) | 286 (80.4) | |
200–299% | 5280 (15.6) | 4431 (15.6) | 778 (16.3) | 71 (11.3) | |
300–399% | 4849 (12.4) | 4313 (12.9) | 510 (10.1) | 26 (3.6) | |
≥400% | 13,053 (32.3) | 12,096 (34.8) | 923 (18.5) | 34 (4.7) |
Mold inside Home | Pesticide Use inside Home | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multivariable Logistic Regression b | Multivariable Logistic Regression b | |||||||
n (%) a | AOR | 95% CI | p-Value | n (%) a | AOR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Child Home TSE Status | ||||||||
No Home TSE | 2575 (10.3) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 11,965 (47.3) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Home THS Exposure Only | 449 (14.3) | 1.40 | 1.12, 1.75 | 0.004 | 1728 (50.7) | 1.26 | 1.09, 1.45 | 0.002 |
Home SHS and THS Exposure | 93 (24.4) | 2.60 | 1.73, 3.92 | <0.001 | 240 (56.4) | 1.57 | 1.09, 2.26 | 0.015 |
Child Age | - | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.02 | 0.961 | - | 1.03 | 1.02, 1.05 | <0.001 |
Child Sex | ||||||||
Male | 1606 (11.0) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 7250 (48.2) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Female | 1511 (10.9) | 1.01 | 0.86, 1.18 | 0.901 | 6683 (47.4) | 0.96 | 0.88, 1.05 | 0.358 |
Child Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 2014 (9.3) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 9242 (44.5) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Non-Hispanic Black | 239 (14.2) | 1.46 | 1.16, 1.86 | 0.002 | 1102 (57.3) | 1.76 | 1.51, 2.07 | <0.001 |
Hispanic | 448 (12.9) | 1.38 | 1.10, 1.72 | 0.005 | 1833 (50.9) | 1.41 | 1.23, 1.62 | <0.001 |
Non-Hispanic Other/Multiracial | 416 (11.2) | 1.27 | 1.02, 1.57 | 0.030 | 1756 (46.2) | 1.08 | 0.95, 1.22 | 0.256 |
Child Emotional, Developmental, or Behavioral Problem | ||||||||
No | 2,755 (10.7) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 12,735 (47.8) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 362 (14.9) | 1.36 | 1.05, 1.75 | <0.001 | 1198 (48.0) | 0.92 | 0.79, 1.09 | 0.335 |
Caregiver Education Level | ||||||||
High school graduate/GED or lower | 468 (13.1) | 1.01 | 0.81, 1.25 | 0.939 | 1957 (47.3) | 0.83 | 0.71, 0.96 | 0.013 |
Some college | 778 (12.0) | 0.99 | 0.82, 1.19 | 0.875 | 3218 (47.3) | 0.88 | 0.78, 0.99 | 0.027 |
College degree or higher | 1871 (9.5) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 8758 (48.3) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Family Structure | ||||||||
Two parents, currently married | 2122 (10.2) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 9774 (47.6) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Two parents, not currently married | 260 (11.1) | 0.84 | 0.60, 1.16 | 0.291 | 945 (42.4) | 0.76 | 0.63, 0.93 | 0.007 |
Single parent | 602 (14.6) | 1.13 | 0.92, 1.40 | 0.254 | 2439 (50.4) | 1.01 | 0.89, 1.16 | 0.856 |
Other/unknown family type | 133 (8.0) | 0.56 | 0.40, 0.79 | <0.001 | 775 (50.1) | 1.02 | 0.83, 1.27 | 0.837 |
Federal Poverty Level | ||||||||
0–199% | 1089 (13.6) | 1.56 | 1.27, 1.91 | <0.001 | 4026 (48.1) | 0.99 | 0.87, 1.13 | 0.918 |
200–299% | 573 (10.8) | 1.33 | 1.07, 1.64 | 0.009 | 2258 (47.9) | 1.03 | 0.91, 1.18 | 0.638 |
300–399% | 446 (10.9) | 1.40 | 1.11, 1.77 | 0.005 | 2083 (48.5) | 1.07 | 0.93, 1.22 | 0.333 |
≥400% | 1009 (7.9) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 5566 (47.2) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Number of Times Moved Since Born | Number of People Living in the Home | Home Ownership Status (Ref: Owns Home) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multiple Linear Regression b | Multiple Linear Regression b | Multivariable Logistic Regression b | ||||||||||
M (SE) | β | 95% CI | p-Value | M (SE) | β | 95% CI | p-Value | n (%) a | AOR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Child Home TSE Status | ||||||||||||
No Home TSE | 1.7 (0.05) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 4.2 (0.04) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 4896 (27.7) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Home THS Exposure Only | 2.1 (0.08) | 0.34 | 0.20, 0.47 | <0.001 | 4.4 (0.06) | 0.13 | 0.03, 0.24 | 0.012 | 1177 (36.3) | 1.07 | 0.91, 1.27 | 0.414 |
Home SHS and THS Exposure | 2.8 (0.23) | 1.06 | 0.62, 1.50 | <0.001 | 4.3 (0.15) | 0.09 | −0.21, 0.39 | 0.546 | 172 (47.5) | 1.13 | 0.77, 1.67 | 0.522 |
Child Age | - | - | 0.03 | 0.02, 0.04 | <0.001 | - | 0.97 | 0.95, 0.99 | <0.001 | |||
Child Sex | ||||||||||||
Male | 2.2 (0.09) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 4.4 (0.06) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 3307 (28.8) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Female | 2.2 (0.09) | −0.01 | 0.08, 0.06 | 0.726 | 4.3 (0.06) | 0.06 | 0.01, 0.11 | 0.041 | 2938 (29.4) | 1.11 | 0.98, 1.26 | 0.093 |
Child Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 2.2 (0.09) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 4.3 (0.06) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 3114 (18.8) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Non-Hispanic Black | 2.2 (0.10) | −0.02 | −0.16, 0.12 | 0.820 | 4.3 (0.07) | −0.02 | −0.12, 0.08 | 0.722 | 853 (50.7) | 2.76 | 2.30, 3.32 | <0.001 |
Hispanic | 2.1 (0.10) | −0.06 | −0.16, 0.04 | 0.250 | 4.4 (0.08) | 0.10 | 0.01, 0.18 | 0.032 | 1239 (40.0) | 1.75 | 1.49, 2.06 | <0.001 |
Non-Hispanic Other/Multiracial | 2.3 (0.09) | 0.07 | −0.01, 0.16 | 0.081 | 4.3 (0.07) | 0.03 | −0.04, 0.10 | 0.366 | 1039 (29.1) | 1.85 | 1.57, 2.19 | <0.001 |
Child Emotional, Developmental, or Behavioral Problem | ||||||||||||
No | 1.9 (0.08) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 4.4 (0.06) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 5537 (28.6) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 2.5 (0.11) | −0.65 | −0.82, −0.48 | <0.001 | 4.3 (0.08) | 0.12 | −0.03, 0.26 | 0.109 | 708 (36.0) | 1.20 | 0.97, 1.48 | 0.091 |
Caregiver Education Level | ||||||||||||
High school graduate/GED or lower | 2.1 (0.10) | 0.01 | −0.10, 0.12 | 0.892 | 4.4 (0.07) | 0.05 | −0.05, 0.15 | 0.327 | 1684 (46.6) | 1.75 | 1.47, 2.09 | <0.001 |
Some college | 2.3 (0.10) | 0.14 | 0.04, 0.23 | 0.005 | 4.3 (0.07) | −0.03 | −0.11, 0.04 | 0.366 | 2166 (39.0) | 1.67 | 1.43, 1.96 | <0.001 |
College degree or higher | 2.1 (0.09) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 4.3 (0.07) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 2395 (16.4) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Family Structure | ||||||||||||
Two parents, currently married | 1.9 (0.09) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 4.6 (0.06) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 3068 (21.1) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Two parents, not currently married | 2.2 (0.11) | 0.35 | 0.20, 0.50 | <0.001 | 4.2 (0.07) | −0.38 | −0.49, −0.27 | <0.001 | 920 (51.7) | 2.05 | 1.66, 2.53 | <0.001 |
Single parent | 2.3 (0.10) | 0.40 | 0.30, 0.50 | <0.001 | 4.0 (0.07) | −0.56 | −0.66, −0.47 | <0.001 | 1851 (43.6) | 1.37 | 1.16, 1.61 | <0.001 |
Other/unknown family type | 2.4 (0.11) | 0.55 | 0.38, 0.72 | <0.001 | 4.4 (0.09) | −0.21 | −0.35, −0.06 | 0.005 | 406 (33.5) | 0.82 | 0.62, 1.08 | 0.153 |
Federal Poverty Level | ||||||||||||
0–199% | 2.3 (0.09) | 0.25 | 0.16, 0.34 | <0.001 | 4.7 (0.06) | 0.71 | 0.63, 0.78 | <0.001 | 3503 (49.3) | 4.20 | 3.49, 5.04 | <0.001 |
200–299% | 2.2 (0.09) | 0.18 | 0.09, 0.28 | <0.001 | 4.4 (0.07) | 0.44 | 0.36, 0.52 | <0.001 | 1129 (25.7) | 2.03 | 1.66, 2.48 | <0.001 |
300–399% | 2.1 (0.10) | 0.05 | −0.04, 0.14 | 0.306 | 4.2 (0.07) | 0.20 | 0.13, 0.27 | <0.001 | 630 (15.7) | 1.28 | 1.03, 1.61 | 0.029 |
≥400% | 2.1 (0.09) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 4.0 (0.07) | Ref | Ref | Ref | 983 (11.0) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
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Mahabee-Gittens, E.M.; Han, G.; Merianos, A.L. Child Tobacco Smoke Exposure, Indoor Home Characteristics, and Housing Stability among a National Sample of U.S. Children. Toxics 2022, 10, 639. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110639
Mahabee-Gittens EM, Han G, Merianos AL. Child Tobacco Smoke Exposure, Indoor Home Characteristics, and Housing Stability among a National Sample of U.S. Children. Toxics. 2022; 10(11):639. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110639
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahabee-Gittens, E. Melinda, Gang Han, and Ashley L. Merianos. 2022. "Child Tobacco Smoke Exposure, Indoor Home Characteristics, and Housing Stability among a National Sample of U.S. Children" Toxics 10, no. 11: 639. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110639