Quantitative Assessment and Spatial Analysis of Metals and Metalloids in Soil Using the Geo-Accumulation Index in the Capital Town of Romblon Province, Philippines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Points
2.2. Collection of Samples
2.3. Sample Preparation and Analysis
2.4. Assessment of Metal Pollution in Soils and Sediments
2.5. Correlation Analysis
2.6. Spatial Analysis
2.7. Geo-Accumulation Index
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Concentration of Metals and Metalloids in Soil Samples
3.2. Assessment of Metal Pollution in Soils
3.3. Correlation Analysis
3.4. Spatial Analysis using NN-PSO-Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation
3.5. Geo-Accumulation Index
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
References
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Class of Pollution | I | II | III | IV | V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pi | ≤1.0 | 1.0–2.0 | 2.0–3.0 | 3.0–5.0 | >5.0 |
Pn | ≤0.7 | 0.7–1.0 | 1.0–2.0 | 2.0–3.0 | >3.0 |
Pollution Level | Clean | Warning | Light | Intermediate | Severe |
Er | <40 | 40 ≤ Er < 80 | 80 ≤ Er < 160 | 160 ≤ Er < 320 | Er ≥320 |
Risk Index | <150 | 150–300 | 300–600 | 600–1200 | >1200 |
Pollution Risk | Low | Moderate | Considerable | High | Very high |
Metals | Media | Mean ± Std. Dev Concentration (mg/kg) | Range: Min–Max (mg/kg) | SQS/SGV (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Soil | 12.951 ± 35.463 | 0–236.594 | 70 [44] |
Sediments | 2.9803 ± 8.5015 | 0–37.5898 | 48 [45] | |
Cr | Soil | 0.2481 ± 1.4537 | 0–10.5977 | 64 [44] |
Sediments | 1.5720 ± 2.8782 | 0–12.9132 | 76 [45] | |
Ni | Soil | 1.1217 ± 4.5621 | 0–31.2878 | 45 [44] |
Sediments | 1.8447 ± 3.2672 | 0–14.933 | 24 [45] | |
Mn | Soil | 49.436 ± 108.16 | 0–591.835 | 180 [44] |
Sediments | 41.091 ± 88.314 | 0–395.884 | 30 [46] | |
Cu | Soil | 14.470 ± 36.412 | 0–233.098 | 63 [44] |
Sediments | 6.1405 ± 10.595 | 0–43.8773 | 50 [45] | |
Ba | Soil | 18.724 ± 11.489 | 0–41.2469 | 750 [44] |
Sediments | 1.0393 ± 3.1308 | 0–13.7099 | - | |
As | Soil | 0.0028 ± 0.0048 | 0–0.02743 | 12 [44] |
Sediments | 0.0038 ± 0.0029 | 0–0.00914 | 11 [45] | |
Fe | Soil | 3258.3645 ± 6367.0062 | 0–30,529.3 | - |
Sediments | 1446.4403 ± 3201.1433 | 0–12,682.3 | 15 [46] | |
Zn | Soil | 109.5809 ± 542.9625 | 0–4080.59 | 250 [44] |
Sediments | 6.0795 ± 13.4192 | 0–52.3562 | 140 [45] |
Metals | Media | Pimax | Piave | Mean Pn (Soil) | Mean Pn (Sediments) | Mean RI (Soil) | Mean RI (Sediments) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Soil | 1.8385 | 0.2490 | 19.37 | 12.49 | 3.19 | 3.98 |
Sediments | 0.8849 | 0.1036 | |||||
Cr | Soil | 0.4069 | 0.0133 | ||||
Sediments | 0.4122 | 0.0932 | |||||
Ni | Soil | 0.8338 | 0.0494 | ||||
Sediments | 0.7888 | 0.1771 | |||||
Mn | Soil | 1.8133 | 0.2735 | ||||
Sediments | 3.6326 | 0.6489 | |||||
Cu | Soil | 1.9235 | 0.2785 | ||||
Sediments | 0.9368 | 0.2190 | |||||
Ba | Soil | 0.2345 | 0.1447 | ||||
Sediments | - | - | |||||
As | Soil | 0.0478 | 0.0110 | ||||
Sediments | 0.0288 | 0.0154 | |||||
Fe | Soil | 27.388 | 5.3682 | ||||
Sediments | 17.652 | 2.9776 | |||||
Zn | Soil | 4.0401 | 0.3955 | ||||
Sediments | 0.6115 | 0.1002 |
Hidden Neurons | No. of Particles | No. of Iterations | Elapsed Time (Sec) | R Validation | R Testing | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | 24 | 2 | 2000 | 127.71542 | 0.99075 | 0.99469 |
Ba | 25 | 8 | 2000 | 129.91471 | 0.98974 | 0.98092 |
Cu | 26 | 6 | 2000 | 125.81433 | 0.99723 | 0.97607 |
Cr | 30 | 4 | 2000 | 136.83323 | 0.99912 | 0.99909 |
Fe | 29 | 7 | 2000 | 125.62094 | 0.96847 | 0.99916 |
Pb | 28 | 8 | 2000 | 125.53996 | 0.98120 | 0.99644 |
Mn | 23 | 5 | 2000 | 125.44344 | 0.99711 | 0.99988 |
Ni | 27 | 8 | 2000 | 124.70619 | 0.99992 | 0.99652 |
Zn | 26 | 10 | 2000 | 125.64613 | 0.97132 | 0.99644 |
Pn | 30 | 1 | 2000 | 125.29881 | 0.95174 | 0.98768 |
Hidden Neurons | No. of Particles | No. of Iterations | Elapsed Time (Sec) | R Validation | R Testing | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | 25 | 10 | 2000 | 133.36397 | 0.99121 | 0.99997 |
Ba | 29 | 5 | 2000 | 140.33520 | 0.99996 | 0.98946 |
Cu | 22 | 7 | 2000 | 127.38098 | 0.99398 | 0.99999 |
Cr | 27 | 3 | 2000 | 132.87273 | 0.99994 | 0.99981 |
Fe | 26 | 5 | 2000 | 132.74669 | 0.99710 | 0.99661 |
Pb | 25 | 3 | 2000 | 134.09987 | 0.95636 | 0.99115 |
Mn | 29 | 4 | 2000 | 223.43633 | 0.99842 | 0.99990 |
Ni | 30 | 5 | 2000 | 204.67335 | 0.96586 | 0.98279 |
Zn | 28 | 10 | 2000 | 200.37023 | 0.99905 | 0.99975 |
Pn | 29 | 6 | 2000 | 126.24143 | 0.99743 | 0.99441 |
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Senoro, D.B.; Monjardin, C.E.F.; Fetalvero, E.G.; Benjamin, Z.E.C.; Gorospe, A.F.B.; de Jesus, K.L.M.; Ical, M.L.G.; Wong, J.P. Quantitative Assessment and Spatial Analysis of Metals and Metalloids in Soil Using the Geo-Accumulation Index in the Capital Town of Romblon Province, Philippines. Toxics 2022, 10, 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110633
Senoro DB, Monjardin CEF, Fetalvero EG, Benjamin ZEC, Gorospe AFB, de Jesus KLM, Ical MLG, Wong JP. Quantitative Assessment and Spatial Analysis of Metals and Metalloids in Soil Using the Geo-Accumulation Index in the Capital Town of Romblon Province, Philippines. Toxics. 2022; 10(11):633. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110633
Chicago/Turabian StyleSenoro, Delia B., Cris Edward F. Monjardin, Eddie G. Fetalvero, Zidrick Ed C. Benjamin, Alejandro Felipe B. Gorospe, Kevin Lawrence M. de Jesus, Mark Lawrence G. Ical, and Jonathan P. Wong. 2022. "Quantitative Assessment and Spatial Analysis of Metals and Metalloids in Soil Using the Geo-Accumulation Index in the Capital Town of Romblon Province, Philippines" Toxics 10, no. 11: 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110633