Microbiological Parameters in the Primary Production of Berries: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Data and Sampling Strategy
2.2. Microbiological Analysis and RNA Extraction
2.3. Two Step Reverse Transcription Seminested-PCR (RT-PCR) and Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR (Real-Time RT-PCR)
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Collection of Data and Sampling Strategy
3.2. Microbiological Measurements and Risks Related to Crop Management
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Method | Reference |
---|---|---|
Salmonella spp. | Real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) | [32,33] |
Culture technique | [34] | |
Listeria monocytogenes | Real-time PCR | [35] |
Culture technique | [36] | |
Shiga Toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) | Real-time PCR | [37] |
Culture technique | [37] | |
Aerobic Mesophilic Count | Culture technique | [38] |
Enterobacteriaceae | Culture technique | [39] |
Escherichia coli | Culture technique | [40] |
hepatitis A virus (HAV) and norovirus genogroup I and II (Nov GGI/GGII) | Real time-PCR | [41,42] |
Farm Characteristics and Results of the Questionnaires | Results Microbiology Analysis (CFU/g) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Id | Prod | Fruit | Farm Size | Irrigation | Workers | Cultural Conditions | AMC | E. coli | Ent. |
1 | 1 | blackberry | B | well water | ST | soil open field | 14,000 | <10 | 1500 |
2 | 1 | blackberry | B | well water | ST | soil open field | 1500 | <10 | <10 |
3 | 2 | blackberry | B | well water | ST | soil open field | 130 | <10 | <10 |
4 | 2 | blackberry | B | well water | ST | soil open field | 1200 | <10 | <40 |
5 | 3 | raspberry | B | well water | ST | soil open field | 2900 | <10 | <10 |
6 | 3 | raspberry | B | well water | ST | soil open field | 760 | <10 | <10 |
7 | 4 | blackberry | B | canal water | fam | soil open field | 9100 | <10 | <40 |
8 | 4 | blackberry | B | canal water | fam | soil open field | 1000 | <10 | <10 |
9 | 5 | blackberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | 290 | <10 | <10 |
10 | 6 | raspberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | 320 | <10 | <10 |
11 | 7 | blueberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | 580 | <10 | <10 |
12 | 8 | red currant | S | canal water | SNT | soil open field | 2900 | <10 | <10 |
13 | 9 | raspberry | B | canal water | SNT | soil open field | 160 | <10 | <10 |
14 | 9 | raspberry | B | canal water | SNT | soil open field | 250 | <10 | <10 |
15 | 10 | raspberry | B | canal water | fam | Pots | 310 | <10 | <10 |
16 | 10 | raspberry | B | canal water | fam | Pots | <10 | <10 | <10 |
17 | 11 | blackberry | B | canal water | SNT | soil tunnel | 150 | <10 | <10 |
18 | 11 | blackberry | B | canal water | SNT | soil tunnel | <40 | <10 | <10 |
19 | 12 | blackberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | <10 | <10 | <10 |
20 | 13 | blackberry | B | canal water | fam | soil open field | <40 | <10 | <10 |
21 | 13 | blackberry | B | canal water | fam | soil open field | 2200 | <10 | <10 |
22 | 14 | blackberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | 1500 | <10 | <40 |
23 | 15 | blackberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | 1000 | <10 | <10 |
24 | 16 | blueberry | B | canal water | fam | soil open field | 98,000 | <10 | <10 |
25 | 16 | blueberry | B | canal water | fam | soil open field | <400 | <10 | <10 |
26 | 17 | blackberry | B | canal water | PT | soil open field | 600 | <10 | <10 |
27 | 17 | blackberry | B | canal water | PT | soil open field | 35,000 | 60 | 1500 |
28 | 18 | raspberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | 700 | <10 | <10 |
29 | 19 | raspberry | S | canal water | fam | Pots | 800 | <10 | <10 |
30 | 20 | blackberry | S | well water | fam | soil open field | 700 | <10 | <10 |
31 | 21 | red currant | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | 8800 | <10 | <10 |
32 | 22 | blackberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | 5200 | <10 | <10 |
33 | 23 | raspberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | 50 | <10 | <10 |
34 | 24 | blackberry | B | canal water | PT | soil tunnel | 260 | <10 | <10 |
35 | 24 | blackberry | B | canal water | PT | soil tunnel | 18,000 | <10 | <40 |
36 | 25 | raspberry | S | canal water | SNT | soil open field | 50 | <10 | <10 |
37 | 26 | blackberry | B | canal water | fam | soil open field | 22,000 | <10 | <10 |
38 | 26 | blackberry | B | canal water | fam | soil open field | 1400 | <10 | <40 |
39 | 27 | blackberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | 17,000 | <10 | <10 |
40 | 28 | blackberry | S | well water | fam | soil open field | 1500 | <10 | <40 |
41 | 29 | raspberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | 660 | <10 | <10 |
42 | 30 | raspberry | B | canal water | fam | soil tunnel | 500 | <10 | <10 |
43 | 30 | raspberry | B | canal water | fam | soil tunnel | 100 | <10 | <10 |
44 | 31 | raspberry | B | canal water | fam | soil open field | 280 | <10 | <10 |
45 | 31 | raspberry | B | canal water | fam | soil open field | <10 | <10 | <10 |
55 | 32 | raspberry | B | well water | fam | soil open field | 100 | <10 | <10 |
46 | 32 | raspberry | B | canal water | fam | soil open field | <10 | <10 | <10 |
47 | 33 | raspberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | <10 | <10 | <10 |
48 | 34 | blackberry | S | canal water | SNT | soil open field | <10 | <10 | <10 |
49 | 35 | raspberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | 600 | <10 | <10 |
50 | 36 | blackberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | 1000 | <10 | <10 |
51 | 37 | raspberry | S | canal water | fam | soil open field | 1900 | <10 | <400 |
52 | 38 | blackberry | S | canal water | fam | Pots | 250 | <10 | <10 |
53 | 39 | blackberry | B | well water | PT | soil open field | 43,000 | <10 | 9900 |
54 | 39 | blackberry | B | well water | fam | soil open field | 2400 | <10 | <10 |
56 | 40 | blackberry | B | canal water | PT | soil open field | 9600 | <10 | <10 |
57 | 40 | blackberry | B | canal water | PT | soil open field | 8,100,000 | 45,000 | 50,000 |
58 | 41 | blackberry | B | canal water | PT | soil open field | 1500 | <10 | <40 |
59 | 41 | blackberry | B | canal water | PT | soil open field | 43,000 | <10 | 150 |
60 | 42 | blackberry | S | well water | fam | soil tunnel | 8600 | <10 | <40 |
61 | 43 | raspberry | B | canal water | PT | soil open field | 4600 | <10 | <10 |
62 | 43 | raspberry | B | canal water | PT | soil open field | 900 | <10 | <10 |
63 | 44 | blackberry | S | well water | PT | soil open field | 120 | <10 | 210 |
64 | 45 | raspberry | B | well water | PT | soil open field | <10 | <10 | <10 |
65 | 45 | raspberry | B | well water | PT | soil open field | <10 | <10 | <10 |
66 | 46 | blackberry | B | well water | PT | soil open field | 100 | <10 | <10 |
67 | 46 | blueberry | B | well water | PT | soil open field | 180 | <10 | <10 |
68 | 47 | blackberry | B | well water | PT | soil tunnel | <10 | <10 | <10 |
69 | 47 | blackberry | B | well water | PT | soil tunnel | 20,000 | <10 | 700 |
70 | 48 | blackberry | B | well water | PT | soil open field | <10 | <10 | <10 |
71 | 48 | blackberry | B | well water | PT | soil open field | 12,000 | <10 | 3800 |
72 | 49 | raspberry | B | well water | PT | soil open field | <400 | <10 | <10 |
73 | 49 | raspberry | B | well water | PT | soil open field | 180 | <10 | <10 |
74 | 50 | blueberry | B | well water | PT | soil open field | 110 | <10 | <10 |
75 | 50 | blueberry | B | well water | PT | soil open field | 410 | <10 | <10 |
Bacteria | Median | Mean | SD | Range | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Log Aerobic Mesophilic Count | 2.778 | 2.801 | 1.140 | 5.910 | 6.908 |
Log Enterobacteriaceae | 1.000 | 1.059 | 0.430 | 3.650 | 4.653 |
Log Escherichia coli | 1.000 | 1.325 | 0.760 | 3.700 | 4.699 |
Factor | Level | N | Ent. | % | χ2 | Df | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berry | Blackberry | 56 | 16 | 28.6% | 12.649 | 1 | 0.000 |
Others | 19 | 1 | 5.3% | ||||
Workers | Trained | 22 | 11 | 50.0% | 3.278 | 1 | 0.070 |
Not Trained | 36 | 6 | 16.7% | ||||
Farm Size | Small | 25 | 5 | 20.0% | 0.010 | 1 | 0.922 |
Big | 50 | 12 | 24.0% | ||||
Water Type and Irrigation | Canal water | 50 | 9 | 18.0% | 1.150 | 1 | 0.283 |
Well water | 25 | 8 | 32.0% | ||||
Cultural Conditions | Pots | 4 | 0 | 0.0% | 1.757 | 2 | 0.415 |
Soil Open Field | 62 | 14 | 22.6% | ||||
Soil Tunnel | 9 | 3 | 33.3% |
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Macori, G.; Gilardi, G.; Bellio, A.; Bianchi, D.M.; Gallina, S.; Vitale, N.; Gullino, M.L.; Decastelli, L. Microbiological Parameters in the Primary Production of Berries: A Pilot Study. Foods 2018, 7, 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7070105
Macori G, Gilardi G, Bellio A, Bianchi DM, Gallina S, Vitale N, Gullino ML, Decastelli L. Microbiological Parameters in the Primary Production of Berries: A Pilot Study. Foods. 2018; 7(7):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7070105
Chicago/Turabian StyleMacori, Guerrino, Giovanna Gilardi, Alberto Bellio, Daniela Manila Bianchi, Silvia Gallina, Nicoletta Vitale, Maria Lodovica Gullino, and Lucia Decastelli. 2018. "Microbiological Parameters in the Primary Production of Berries: A Pilot Study" Foods 7, no. 7: 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7070105