Macular Carotenoid Supplementation Improves Visual Performance, Sleep Quality, and Adverse Physical Symptoms in Those with High Screen Time Exposure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Macular Carotenoid Supplementation
2.2. Measurement of Macular Pigment Optical Density (MPOD)
2.3. Measurement of Temporal Vision (CFF)
2.4. Physical Indicators of Excessive Screen Time
2.5. Sleep Quality
2.6. Contrast Sensitivity Testing
2.7. Disability Glare/Photostress Recovery
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Results
3.2. Effects of Supplementation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Placebo Group (n = 13) | Macular Carotenoid Group (n = 35) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | SD | 3 months | SD | 6 months | SD | Baseline | SD | 3 months | SD | 6 months | SD | |
MPOD | 0.372 | 0.119 | 0.368 | 0.135 | 0.383 | 0.132 | 0.376 | 0.133 | 0.421 | 0.151 | 0.472* | 0.144 |
Total Number of Undesirable Sleep Symptoms | 5.46 | 2.06 | 5.69 | 2.69 | 5.38 | 2.02 | 4.74 | 2.11 | 3.89* | 1.55 | 3.8* | 1.51 |
CFF (Hz) | 25.23 | 1.8 | 25.33 | 1.74 | 25.38 | 1.84 | 25.05 | 2.13 | 26.31* | 1.69 | 27.12* | 1.96 |
CS threshold (percent contrast) | 4.25 | 0.38 | 4.21 | 0.33 | 4.01 | 0.31 | 4.63 | 0.46 | 4.13 | 0.39 | 3.73* | 0.34 |
Headache Frequency (weekly) | 2.65 | 1.21 | 2.57 | 1.16 | 2.73 | 1.19 | 2.78 | 1.12 | 2.02 | 0.94 | 1.83* | 0.91 |
Eye strain (weekly) | 2.11 | 2.61 | 1.96 | 2.54 | 2.01 | 2.72 | 2.4 | 2.42 | 2.04 | 2.11 | 1.71* | 1.82 |
Eye Fatigue (weekly) | 2.88 | 2.43 | 2.91 | 2.75 | 2.96 | 2.62 | 3.03 | 2.77 | 2.61 | 2.64 | 2.18* | 2.23 |
Blurry vision (weekly) | 1.33 | 2.46 | 1.37 | 2.55 | 1.29 | 2.29 | 1.43 | 2.54 | 1.47 | 2.48 | 1.46 | 2.59 |
Neck strain (weekly) | 3.36 | 3.81 | 3.41 | 3.77 | 3.27 | 3.69 | 3.55 | 3.9 | 3.53 | 3.74 | 3.38 | 3.49 |
DG (nominal light output) | 101.78 | 29.15 | 105.44 | 31.25 | 103.87 | 33.35 | 81.67 | 23.85 | 106.31 | 29.83 | 117.66* | 35.42 |
PSR (seconds) | 10.54 | 3.41 | 10.79 | 4.02 | 10.11 | 3.61 | 11.03 | 3.99 | 8.89 | 3.41 | 7.41* | 2.91 |
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Stringham, J.M.; Stringham, N.T.; O’Brien, K.J. Macular Carotenoid Supplementation Improves Visual Performance, Sleep Quality, and Adverse Physical Symptoms in Those with High Screen Time Exposure. Foods 2017, 6, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6070047
Stringham JM, Stringham NT, O’Brien KJ. Macular Carotenoid Supplementation Improves Visual Performance, Sleep Quality, and Adverse Physical Symptoms in Those with High Screen Time Exposure. Foods. 2017; 6(7):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6070047
Chicago/Turabian StyleStringham, James M., Nicole T. Stringham, and Kevin J. O’Brien. 2017. "Macular Carotenoid Supplementation Improves Visual Performance, Sleep Quality, and Adverse Physical Symptoms in Those with High Screen Time Exposure" Foods 6, no. 7: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6070047