Climate Change and Its Impact on the Yield of Major Food Crops: Evidence from Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Review of Literature
2. Methodology
2.1. Climatic Features of Major Food Crops in Pakistan
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Model Specification
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Trend Graph
3.2.1. Climate and Wheat Crop
3.2.2. Climate and Rice Crop
3.2.3. Climate and Maize Crop
3.2.4. Climate and Sugarcane Crop
4. Conclusions
5. Limitations and Future Research Direction
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Major Crops | Statistics | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std. Dev. | Min. | Max. | Skewness | Kurtosis | ||
Wheat | 93.74 | 80.16 | 2.10 | 324.50 | 1.13 | 3.30 | |
Cropping Area (hectare) | Rice | 10.63 | 12.04 | 0.00 | 43.70 | 1.07 | 2.87 |
Maize | 15.89 | 16.70 | 0.90 | 52.20 | 0.99 | 2.48 | |
Sugarcane | 20.63 | 34.18 | 0.00 | 126.40 | 1.78 | 4.74 | |
Wheat | 210.21 | 209.57 | 2.90 | 901.70 | 1.53 | 4.58 | |
Production (tons) | Rice | 17.21 | 18.13 | 0.00 | 83.40 | 1.06 | 3.41 |
Maize | 27.44 | 27.07 | 0.80 | 137.10 | 1.54 | 5.67 | |
Sugarcane | 1018.16 | 1707.40 | 0.00 | 6403.80 | 1.75 | 4.64 | |
Wheat | 879.91 | 262.46 | 252.53 | 1912.22 | 0.53 | 3.82 | |
Yield (kg/acre) | Rice | 737.29 | 237.73 | 303.52 | 1315.23 | 0.40 | 2.27 |
Maize | 949.31 | 1038.17 | 287.11 | 9307.80 | 5.71 | 42.95 | |
Sugarcane | 18,284.91 | 3603.22 | 8498.42 | 29,454.20 | 0.11 | 3.14 | |
Wheat | 25.50 | 3.44 | 14.47 | 29.96 | −1.90 | 5.93 | |
Maximum | Rice | 36.91 | 2.00 | 32.40 | 42.90 | 0.36 | 2.93 |
temperature (°C) | Maize | 32.39 | 3.46 | 24.95 | 38.67 | 0.04 | 2.12 |
Sugarcane | 28.86 | 3.25 | 22.70 | 35.15 | 0.28 | 1.84 | |
Wheat | 10.85 | 3.11 | 1.37 | 15.64 | −1.62 | 5.10 | |
Minimum | Rice | 24.84 | 1.71 | 19.68 | 29.16 | −0.34 | 3.38 |
temperature (°C) | Maize | 18.29 | 3.87 | 9.93 | 28.42 | 0.34 | 2.14 |
Sugarcane | 14.81 | 3.17 | 8.86 | 21.48 | 0.09 | 2.10 | |
Wheat | 22.28 | 17.58 | 0.00 | 71.18 | 0.79 | 2.75 | |
Rainfall (mm/year) | Rice | 70.89 | 60.02 | 0.00 | 322.58 | 1.31 | 4.58 |
Maize | 33.56 | 21.80 | 3.58 | 112.98 | 1.08 | 3.76 | |
Sugarcane | 28.76 | 20.24 | 0.25 | 132.16 | 1.26 | 5.91 | |
Wheat | 57.43 | 6.71 | 36.17 | 70.20 | −0.74 | 3.40 | |
Humidity (%) | Rice | 58.57 | 5.90 | 44.80 | 74.00 | 0.09 | 2.82 |
Maize | 51.34 | 5.80 | 37.25 | 64.25 | −0.21 | 2.36 | |
Sugarcane | 60.35 | 5.87 | 43.55 | 73.43 | −0.52 | 2.89 | |
Wheat | 229.33 | 21.91 | 160.96 | 280.80 | −0.24 | 3.33 | |
Sunshine (h/day) | Rice | 259.49 | 23.06 | 175.14 | 381.00 | 0.15 | 7.15 |
Maize | 249.24 | 18.37 | 190.35 | 290.35 | −0.13 | 3.26 | |
Sugarcane | 233.13 | 24.12 | 176.38 | 290.11 | 0.37 | 2.47 |
Variables | Major Crops | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | Rice | Maize | Sugarcane | |
Max Temp | −1.7991 * | 3.9200 * | 0.1174 | 0.4743 * |
Min Temp | 0.6216 * | −0.7041 * | 0.5458 | 0.2578 * |
Rainfall | −0.1195 * | −0.0126 | −0.703 | −0.0094 |
R.Humidity | −0.1107 | 0.183 | −1.3219 * | 0.3135 * |
Sunshine | 0.2169 | −0.2114 | −0.8761 | −0.1253 |
Trend | 0.0135 * | 0.01447 * | 0.0391 * | 0.009 * |
constant | 4.5121 * | −11.0511 * | 8.4222 | 0.8063 |
F | 18.68 * | 18.26 * | 25.19 * | 10.69 * |
Wald chi2 | 96.53 * | 87.75 * | 101.09 * | 60.69 * |
R2 | 0.2993 | 0.3302 | 0.3932 | 0.2501 |
n | 226 | 178 | 156 | 182 |
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Ali, S.; Liu, Y.; Ishaq, M.; Shah, T.; Abdullah; Ilyas, A.; Din, I.U. Climate Change and Its Impact on the Yield of Major Food Crops: Evidence from Pakistan. Foods 2017, 6, 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6060039
Ali S, Liu Y, Ishaq M, Shah T, Abdullah, Ilyas A, Din IU. Climate Change and Its Impact on the Yield of Major Food Crops: Evidence from Pakistan. Foods. 2017; 6(6):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6060039
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Sajjad, Ying Liu, Muhammad Ishaq, Tariq Shah, Abdullah, Aasir Ilyas, and Izhar Ud Din. 2017. "Climate Change and Its Impact on the Yield of Major Food Crops: Evidence from Pakistan" Foods 6, no. 6: 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6060039
APA StyleAli, S., Liu, Y., Ishaq, M., Shah, T., Abdullah, Ilyas, A., & Din, I. U. (2017). Climate Change and Its Impact on the Yield of Major Food Crops: Evidence from Pakistan. Foods, 6(6), 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6060039