Development of Nutrient Rich Morning Meals for Students by Concept of Tapas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Starting Survey
2.2. Preparation of Meals
2.3. Sensory Analysis of Meals
2.4. Nutritional Evaluation of Meals
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Starting Survey
3.2. Sensory Analysis
3.3. Nutritional Evaluation of Meals
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Question | Answer | F | M | χ2 | p-Value | EG | SF | χ2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Are you familiar with tapas? | Yes | 12 | 4 | 0.4609 | 0.9274 | 15 | 1 | 7.7652 | 0.0498 |
No | 25 | 5 | 16 | 14 | |||||
Do you eat breakfast? | Yes | 28 | 8 | 0.7476 | 0.8620 | 28 | 8 | 8.1340 | 0.0433 |
No | 9 | 1 | 3 | 7 | |||||
Do you eat morning snack? | Yes | 25 | 8 | 1.6169 | 0.6556 | 25 | 8 | 3.7167 | 0.2937 |
No | 12 | 1 | 6 | 7 | |||||
Would you like to have tapas for breakfast? | Yes | 29 | 9 | 2.3657 | 0.5000 | 27 | 11 | 1.0500 | 0.7220 |
No | 8 | 0 | 4 | 4 | |||||
Would you like to have tapas for morning snack? | Yes | 33 | 8 | 0.0006 | 1.0000 | 26 | 15 | 2.7133 | 0.4380 |
No | 4 | 1 | 5 | 0 |
Ingredient | All (n = 46) | Female (n = 37) | Male (n = 9) | EG (n = 31) | SF (n = 15) | p * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raisins | 4.35 ± 3.25 | 4.16 ± 3.20 | 5.11 ± 3.55 | 4.06 ± 3.11 | 4.93 ± 3.58 | 0.4388 a 0.4020 b |
Honey | 6.15 ± 3.05 | 5.89 ± 3.07 | 7.22 ± 2.86 | 5.84 ± 3.26 | 6.80 ± 2.54 | 0.2445 a 0.3214 b |
Olive oil | 7.46 ± 2.60 | 7.19 ± 2.54 | 8.56 ± 2.70 | 7.68 ± 2.56 | 7.00 ± 2.70 | 0.1591 a 0.4130 b |
Egg | 8.09 ± 2.55 | 7.95 ± 2.54 | 8.60 ± 2.65 | 7.97 ± 2.75 | 8.33 ± 2.13 | 0.4524 a 0.6531 b |
Banana | 7.50 ± 3.22 | 7.68 ± 3.17 | 6.78 ± 3.19 | 7.23 ± 3.30 | 8.07 ± 3.06 | 0.4588 a 0.4120 b |
Orange | 6.78 ± 3.22 | 6.70 ± 3.26 | 7.11 ± 3.26 | 6.19 ± 3.23 | 8.00 ± 2.95 | 0.7374 a 0.0745 b |
Apple | 7.59 ± 2.96 | 7.65 ± 3.03 | 7.33 ± 2.83 | 7.13 ± 2.99 | 8.53 ± 2.77 | 0.7782 a 0.1334 b |
Sardines | 4.54 ± 3.13 | 4.11 ± 2.96 | 6.33 ± 3.35 | 4.90 ± 3.13 | 3.80 ± 3.10 | 0.0549 a 0.2674 b |
Anchovies | 4.50 ± 3.25 | 4.05 ± 3.14 | 6.33 ± 3.20 | 4.65 ± 3.27 | 4.20 ± 3.30 | 0.0583 a 0.6682 b |
Poultry | 8.00 ± 2.56 | 7.86 ± 2.63 | 8.56 ± 2.35 | 7.74 ± 2.68 | 8.53 ± 2.29 | 0.4749 a 0.3321 b |
Olives | 5.59 ± 3.59 | 5.27 ± 3.70 | 6.89 ± 2.93 | 5.26 ± 3.57 | 6.27 ± 3.67 | 0.2296 a 0.3782 b |
Cucumber | 7.87±2.92 | 7.97 ± 2.95 | 7.44 ± 2.92 | 7.65 ± 2.95 | 8.27 ± 2.91 | 0.6314 a 0.5269 b |
Tomato | 7.63 ± 3.25 | 7.65 ± 3.23 | 7.16 ± 3.54 | 7.23 ± 3.58 | 8.47 ± 2.33 | 0.9397 a 0.2295 b |
Peppers | 7.96 ± 2.74 | 7.97 ± 2.78 | 7.89 ± 2.71 | 7.81 ± 2.85 | 8.27 ± 2.58 | 0.9353 a 0.5990 b |
Broccoli | 6.93 ± 2.89 | 6.70 ± 2.99 | 7.89 ± 2.32 | 6.74 ± 2.95 | 7.33 ± 2.79 | 0.2736 a 0.5208 b |
Cauliflower | 6.50 ± 3.09 | 6.35 ± 3.13 | 7.11 ± 3.02 | 6.52 ± 3.02 | 6.47 ± 3.34 | 0.5143 a 0.9601 b |
Eggplant | 4.87 ± 3.24 | 4.54 ± 3.15 | 6.22 ± 3.42 | 4.97 ± 2.42 | 4.67 ± 2.92 | 0.1645 a 0.7711 b |
Leek | 5.89 ± 3.45 | 5.24 ± 3.45 | 8.56 ± 1.88 | 5.87 ± 3.50 | 5.93 ± 3.47 | 0.0083 a 0.9550 b |
Sweet potato | 6.61 ± 3.21 | 6.27 ± 3.15 | 8.00 ± 3.28 | 6.58 ± 3.41 | 6.67 ± 2.87 | 0.1497 a 0.9333 b |
Carrot | 7.70 ± 2.70 | 7.49 ± 2.71 | 8.56 ± 2.60 | 7.65 ± 2.78 | 7.80 ± 2.62 | 0.2916 a 0.8576 b |
Zucchini | 7.17 ± 2.98 | 7.03 ± 3.11 | 7.78 ± 2.44 | 7.16 ± 2.83 | 7.20 ± 3.38 | 0.5046 a 0.9676 b |
Nuts | 7.37 ± 3.09 | 7.11 ± 3.14 | 8.44 ± 2.79 | 7.55 ± 3.05 | 7.00 ± 3.25 | 0.2496 a 0.5788 b |
Chickpeas | 6.15 ± 3.33 | 5.59 ± 3.37 | 8.44 ± 2.01 | 6.55 ± 3.16 | 5.33 ± 3.64 | 0.0196 a 0.2509 b |
Prosciutto | 8.78 ± 2.44 | 8.76 ± 2.34 | 8.89 ± 2.98 | 8.87 ± 2.43 | 8.60 ± 2.53 | 0.8861 a 0.7782 b |
Bacon | 8.48 ± 2.37 | 8.49 ± 2.43 | 8.44 ± 2.24 | 8.48 ± 2.32 | 8.47 ± 2.56 | 0.9626 a 0.9819 b |
Champignons | 7.54 ± 2.80 | 7.30 ± 2.87 | 8.56 ± 2.40 | 8.19 ± 2.41 | 6.20 ± 3.14 | 0.2311 a 0.0219 b |
Beans | 6.30 ± 3.40 | 5.78 ± 3.43 | 8.44 ± 2.35 | 6.71 ± 3.21 | 5.47 ± 3.74 | 0.0336 a 0.2493 b |
Lentil | 5.50 ± 3.33 | 5.11 ± 3.43 | 7.11 ± 2.42 | 5.55 ± 3.18 | 5.40 ± 3.74 | 0.1064 a 0.8893 b |
Cheese | 9.07 ± 2.23 | 9.08 ± 2.15 | 9.00 ± 2.65 | 9.19 ± 2.21 | 8.80 ± 2.31 | 0.9232 a 0.5797 b |
Milk spread | 8.13 ± 2.93 | 8.24 ± 2.86 | 7.67 ± 3.35 | 7.87 ± 3.33 | 8.67 ± 1.84 | 0.6025 a 0.3945 b |
Salmon | 6.11 ± 3.47 | 5.78 ± 3.46 | 7.44 ± 3.40 | 6.45 ± 3.56 | 5.40 ± 3.29 | 0.2015 a 0.3412 b |
Tuna | 6.54 ± 3.54 | 6.38 ± 3.59 | 7.22 ± 3.49 | 6.32 ± 3.51 | 7.00 ± 3.70 | 0.5279 a 0.5494 b |
Tortilla (wheat) | 9.17 ± 1.74 | 9.05 ± 1.87 | 9.67 ± 1.00 | 8.94 ± 2.03 | 9.67 ± 0.72 | 0.3499 a 0.1851 b |
White bread | 7.67 ± 2.76 | 7.81 ± 2.72 | 7.11 ± 3.02 | 7.26 ± 3.00 | 8.53 ± 2.0 | 0.5009 a 0.1433 b |
Whole grain bread | 8.89 ± 2.29 | 9.00 ± 2.24 | 8.44 ± 2.60 | 8.81 ± 2.57 | 9.07 ± 1.62 | 0.5204 a 0.7225 b |
Whole grain tortilla | 8.76 ± 1.86 | 8.92 ± 1.64 | 8.11 ± 2.62 | 8.77 ± 1.98 | 8.73 ± 1.67 | 0.2480 a 0.9454 b |
Sensory Test | Sample | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Property | Description | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Colour | Acceptable Non-acceptable | 100 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 | 90.63 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 100 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 | 93.75 ± 8.8 6.25 ± 8.8 | 90.63 ± 4.4 9.38 ± 4.4 | 84.38 ± 4.4 9.38 ± 4.4 | 96.88 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 81.25 ± 8.8 18.75 ± 8.8 |
Smell | Neutral Weak Pronounced | 25.84 ± 8.8 18.75 ± 0.0 56.25 ± 8.8 | 12.50 ± 0.0 40.63 ± 4.4 40.63 ± 4.4 | 12.50 ± 8.8 28.13 ± 4.4 59.38 ± 13.3 | 0.00 ± 0.0 21.88 ± 4.4 78.13 ± 4.4 | 0.00 ± 0.0 9.38 ± 4.4 90.63 ± 4.4 | 6.25 ± 0.0 12.50 ± 17.7 75.00 ± 17.7 | 0.00 ± 0.0 3.13 ± 4.4 96.88 ± 4.4 | 6.25 ± 8.8 40.63 ± 13.3 53.13 ± 4.4 |
Visual consistency | Smooth Rough | 43.75 ± 8.8 56.25 ± 8.8 | 40.63 ± 4.4 53.13 ± 4.4 | 50.00 ± 0.0 50.00 ± 0.0 | 87.50 ± 0.0 12.50 ± 0.0 | 25.00 ± 0.0 75.00 ± 0.0 | 71.88 ± 4.4 21.88 ± 4.4 | 40.63 ± 13.3 59.38 ± 13.3 | 18.75 ± 8.8 81.25 ± 8.8 |
Surface | Glossy Matte | 71.88 ± 4.4 28.13 ± 4.4 | 56.25 ± 8.8 37.50 ± 8.8 | 28.13 ± 13.3 71.88 ± 13.3 | 68.75 ± 8.8 31.25 ± 8.8 | 28.13 ± 4.4 71.88 ± 4.4 | 71.88 ± 4.4 21.88 ± 4.4 | 53.13 ± 4.4 46.80 ± 4.4 | 53.13 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 |
Bitterness | Not present Weak Pronounced | 59.38 ± 4.4 28.13 ± 4.4 12.5 ± 0.0 | 62.50 ± 8.8 21.88 ± 4.4 9.38 ± 4.4 | 62.50 ± 0.0 18.75 ± 8.8 18.75 ± 8.8 | 28.13 ± 4.4 71.88 ± 4.4 0.00 ± 0.0 | 50.00 ± 8.8 31.25 ± 8.8 18.75 ± 0.0 | 78.13 ± 4.4 9.38 ± 4.4 6.25 ± 0.0 | 59.38 ± 13.3 40.63 ± 13.3 0.00 ± 0.0 | 71.88 ± 4.4 25.00 ± 0.0 3.13 ± 4.4 |
Mouthfeel | Weak Pronounced | 53.13 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 | 18.75 ± 8.8 75.00 ± 8.8 | 37.50 ± 8.8 62.50 ± 8.8 | 15.63 ± 4.4 84.38 ± 4.4 | 15.63 ± 4.4 84.38 ± 4.4 | 3.13 ± 4.4 90.62 ± 4.4 | 9.38 ± 4.4 90.63 ± 4.4 | 34.38 ± 13.3 65.62 ± 13.3 |
Sandiness | Not present Pronounced | 21.88 ± 4.4 78.13 ± 4.4 | 62.50 ± 8.8 31.25 ± 8.8 | 62.50 ± 0.0 37.50 ± 0.0 | 75.00 ± 8.8 25.00 ± 8.8 | 28.13 ± 4.4 71.88 ± 4.4 | 62.50 ± 8.8 31.25 ± 8.8 | 43.75 ± 8.8 56.25 ± 8.8 | 78.13 ± 4.4 21.88 ± 4.4 |
Mouth consistency | Soft Middle Hard | 34.37 ± 4.4 65.63 ± 4.4 0.00 ± 0.00 | 37.50 ± 8.8 56.25 ± 8.8 0.00 ± 0.0 | 65.63 ± 4.4 25.00 ± 8.8 9.38 ± 4.4 | 43.75 ± 0.0 46.88 ± 4.4 9.38 ± 4.4 | 21.88 ± 4.4 53.13 ± 4.4 25.00 ± 0.0 | 43.75 ± 8.8 37.50 ± 0.0 12.50 ± 8.8 | 25.00 ± 8.8 68.75 ± 8.8 6.28 ± 0.0 | 15.63 ± 4.4 18.75 ± 8.8 65.63 ± 13.3 |
Saltiness | Weak Pronounced | 71.88 ± 4.4 28.13 ± 4.4 | 53.13 ± 4.4 40.63 ± 4.4 | 84.38 ± 4.4 15.63 ± 4.4 | 81.25 ± 0.0 18.75 ± 0.0 | 68.75 ± 8.8 31.25 ± 8.8 | 37.50 ± 8.8 56.25 ± 8.8 | 96.88 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 43.75 ± 8.8 56.25 ± 8.8 |
Acidity | Weak Pronounced | 68.75 ± 0.0 31.25 ± 0.0 | 65.63 ± 4.4 28.13 ± 4.4 | 93.75 ± 8.8 6.25 ± 8.8 | 81.25 ± 0.0 18.75 ± 0.0 | 18.75 ± 8.8 81.25 ± 8.8 | 78.13 ± 4.4 15.63 ± 4.4 | 100.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 | 100.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 |
Astringency | Not present Present | 81.25 ± 0.0 18.75 ± 0.0 | 81.25 ± 0.0 12.50 ± 0.0 | 78.13 ± 4.4 21.88 ± 4.4 | 56.25 ± 8.8 43.75 ± 8.8 | 53.13 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 | 56.25 ± 8.8 37.50 ± 8.8 | 56.25 ± 8.8 43.75 ± 8.8 | 78.13 ± 4.4 21.88 ± 4.4 |
Hot | Weak Pronounced | 96.88 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 59.38 ± 13.3 34.38 ± 13.3 | 90.63 ± 4.4 9.38 ± 4.4 | 12.50 ± 8.8 87.50 ± 8.8 | 25.00 ± 0.0 75.00 ± 0.0 | 84.38 ± 4.4 9.38 ± 4.4 | 96.88 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 96.88 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 |
Spicy | Weak Pronounced | 71.88 ± 4.4 28.12 ± 4.4 | 3.13 ± 4.4 90.63 ± 4.4 | 53.13 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 | 9.38 ± 4.4 90.63 ± 4.4 | 12.50 ± 8.8 87.50 ± 8.8 | 46.88 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 | 78.13 ± 4.4 21.88 ± 4.4 | 71.88 ± 4.4 28.13 ± 4.4 |
Sweetness | Weak Pronounced | 100 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 | 93.75 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 | 53.13 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 | 31.25 ± 8.8 68.75 ± 8.8 | 84.38 ± 4.4 15.63 ± 4.4 | 93.75 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 | 21.88 ± 4.4 78.13 ± 4.4 | 56.25 ± 8.8 43.75 ± 8.8 |
Aftertaste | Weak Pronounced Changes with time | 46.88 ± 4.4 28.13 ± 4.4 25.00 ± 0.0 | 37.50 ± 17.7 37.50 ± 8.8 18.75 ± 8.8 | 12.50 ± 0.0 53.13 ± 4.4 34.38 ± 4.4 | 3.13 ± 4.4 78.13 ± 13.3 18.75 ± 8.8 | 9.38 ± 4.4 62.50 ± 8.8 28.13 ± 13.3 | 12.50 ± 8.84 46.88 ± 4.42 34.38 ± 4.42 | 3.13 ± 4.42 62.50 ± 0.00 34.38 ± 4.42 | 40.63 ± 13.26 28.13 ± 4.42 31.25 ± 8.84 |
Viscosity | Light Dense | 36.38 ± 4.4 65.63 ± 4.4 | 12.50 ± 8.8 81.25 ± 8.8 | 25.00 ± 8.8 75.00 ± 8.8 | 28.13 ± 4.4 71.88 ± 4.4 | 15.63 ± 4.4 84.38 ± 4.4 | 21.88 ± 4.42 71.88 ± 4.42 | 3.13 ± 4.42 96.88 ± 4.42 | 18.75 ± 8.84 81.25 ± 8.84 |
Sensory Test | Sample | ||||||||
Property | Description | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
Colour | Acceptable Non-acceptable | 81.25 ± 8.8 18.75 ± 8.8 | 100.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 | 90.63 ± 4.4 9.13 ± 4.4 | 93.75 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 | 93.75 ± 8.8 6.25 ± 8.8 | 100.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 | 96.88 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 100.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 |
Smell | Neutral Weak Pronounced | 25.00 ± 0.0 25.00 ± 0.0 50.00 ± 0.0 | 25.00 ± 0.0 21.88 ± 4.4 53.13 ± 4.4 | 3.13 ± 4.4 18.75 ± 0.0 71.88 ± 4.4 | 43.75 ± 8.8 40.63 ± 4.4 9.38 ± 4.4 | 12.50 ± 0.0 18.75 ± 8.8 68.75 ± 8.8 | 87.50 ± 8.8 12.50 ± 8.8 0.00 ± 0.0 | 9.38 ± 13.2 12.50 ± 8.8 78.12 ± 22.1 | 18.75 ± 8.8 18.75 ± 8.8 62.50 ± 17.7 |
Visual consistency | Smooth Rough | 53.13 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 | 78.13 ± 4.4 21.88 ± 4.4 | 28.13 ± 4.4 65.63 ± 4.4 | 53.13 ± 4.4 40.63 ± 4.4 | 46.88 ± 4.4 53.13 ± 4.4 | 46.88 ± 4.4 53.13 ± 4.4 | 56.25 ± 8.8 43.75 ± 8.8 | 84.38 ± 13.3 15.63 ± 13.3 |
Surface | Glossy Matte | 43.75 ± 8.8 56.25 ± 8.8 | 56.25 ± 8.8 43.75 ± 8.8 | 71.88 ± 4.4 21.88 ± 4.4 | 9.38 ± 4.4 84.38 ± 4.4 | 21.88 ± 4.4 78.13 ± 4.4 | 9.38 ± 4.4 90.63 ± 4.4 | 78.13 ± 4.4 21.88 ± 4.4 | 81.25 ± 17.7 18.75 ± 17.7 |
Bitterness | Not present Weak Pronounced | 18.75 ± 0.0 31.25 ± 8.8 50.00 ± 8.8 | 65.63 ± 22.1 31.25 ± 26.5 3.13 ± 4.4 | 25.00 ± 0.0 53.13 ± 4.4 15.63 ± 4.4 | 81.25 ± 8.8 12.50 ± 8.8 0.00 ± 0.0 | 90.63 ± 4.4 9.38 ± 4.4 0.00 ± 0.0 | 84.38 ± 13.3 15.63 ± 13.3 0.00 ± 0.0 | 78.13 ± 4.4 21.88 ± 4.4 0.00 ± 0. | 87.50 ± 8.8 12.50 ± 8.8 0.00 ± 0.0 |
Mouthfeel | Weak Pronounced | 50.00 ± 0.0 50.00 ± 0.0 | 40.63 ± 13.3 59.38 ± 13.3 | 31.25 ± 0.0 62.50 ± 0.0 | 28.13 ± 4.4 65.63 ± 4.4 | 71.88 ± 4.4 28.13 ± 4.4 | 96.88 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 50.00 ± 0.0 50.00 ± 0.0 | 31.25 ± 8.8 68.75 ± 8.8 |
Sandiness | Not present Pronounced | 65.63 ± 13.2 34.38 ± 13.2 | 93.75 ± 8.8 6.25 ± 8.8 | 56.25 ± 8.8 37.50 ± 8.8 | 68.75 ± 8.8 25.00 ± 8.8 | 84.38 ± 13.3 15.63 ± 13.3 | 65.63 ± 13.3 34.38 ± 13.3 | 65.63 ± 22.1 34.38 ± 22.1 | 53.13 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 |
Mouth consistency | Soft Middle Hard | 56.25 ± 8.8 40.63 ± 13.3 3.13 ± 4.4 | 53.13 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 0.00 ± 0.0 | 28.13 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 8.75 ± 0.0 | 43.75 ± 8.8 37.50 ± 0.0 12.50 ± 8.8 | 68.75 ± 8.8 31.25 ± 8.8 0.00 ± 0.0 | 56.25 ± 8.8 28.13 ± 4.4 15.63 ± 13.3 | 53.13 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 0.00 ± 0.0 | 81.25 ± 17.7 18.75 ± 17.7 0.00 ± 0.0 |
Saltiness | Weak Pronounced | 68.75 ± 8.8 31.25 ± 8.8 | 37.50 ± 17.7 62.50 ± 17.7 | 43.75 ± 0.0 50.00 ± 0.0 | 31.25 ± 8.8 62.50 ± 8.8 | 96.88 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 84.38 ± 13.3 15.63 ± 13.3 | 100.0 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 |
Acidity | Weak Pronounced | 96.87 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 56.25 ± 8.8 43.75 ± 8.8 | 71.88 ± 4.4 21.88 ± 4.4 | 90.63 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 100.0 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0. | 93.75 ± 0.0 6.25 ± 0.00 | 53.13 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 | 100.0 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 |
Astringency | Not present Present | 78.13 ± 4.4 21.88 ± 4.4 | 96.88 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 81.25 ± 8.8 12.50 ± 8.8 | 84.38 ± 4.4 9.38 ± 4.4 | 81.25 ± 8.8 18.75 ± 8.8 | 90.63 ± 4.4 9.38 ± 4.4 | 93.75 ± 8.8 6.25 ± 8.8 | 96.88 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 |
Hot | Weak Pronounced | 59.38 ± 13.3 40.63 ± 13.3 | 68.75 ± 8.8 31.25 ± 8.8 | 81.25 ± 8.8 12.50 ± 8.8 | 68.75 ± 8.8 25.00 ± 8.8 | 96.88 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 96.88 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 96.88 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 90.63 ± 13.3 9.38 ± 13.3 |
Spicy | Weak Pronounced | 53.13 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 | 28.13 ± 4.4 71.88 ± 4.4 | 53.13 ± 4.4 40.63 ± 4.4 | 46.88 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 | 53.13 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 | 100.0 ± 00.0 0.00 ± 0.0 | 78.13 ± 4.4 21.88 ± 4.4 | 65.63 ± 13.3 34.38 ± 13.3 |
Sweetness | Weak Pronounced | 100 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 | 90.63 ± 4.4 9.31 ± 4.4 | 81.25 ± 8.8 12.50 ± 8.8 | 90.63 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 68.75 ± 8.8 31.25 ± 8.8 | 96.88 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 46.88 ± 4.4 53.13 ± 4.4 | 28.13 ± 4.4 71.88 ± 4.4 |
Aftertaste | Weak Pronounced Changes with time | 37.50 ± 8.8 46.88 ± 4.4 15.63 ± 13.3 | 34.38 ± 4.4 50.00 ± 17.6 15.63 ± 13.2 | 28.13 ± 13.3 43.75 ± 8.8 21.88 ± 4.4 | 37.50 ± 0.0 43.75 ± 8.8 12.50 ± 8.8 | 50.00 ± 0.0 28.13 ± 4.4 21.88 ± 4.4 | 93.75 ± 8.8 3.13 ± 4.4 3.13 ± 4.4 | 46.88 ± 4.4 46.88 ± 4.4 6.25 ± 8.8 | 21.88 ± 13.3 65.63 ± 13.3 12.50 ± 0.0 |
Viscosity | Light Dense | 18.75 ± 8.8 81.25 ± 8.8 | 31.25 ± 8.8 68.75 ± 8.8 | 28.13 ± 4.4 65.63 ± 4.4 | 18.75 ± 0.0 75.00 ± 0.0 | 18.75 ± 8.8 81.25 ± 8.8 | 12.50 ± 8.8 87.50 ± 8.8 | 71.88 ± 4.4 28.13 ± 4.4 | 21.88 ± 13.3 78.13 ± 13.3 |
Sample | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |
9 | 3.1 ab | 15.6 bcd | 9.4 abc | 0.0 a | 9.4 abc | 18.8 cd | 31.3 de | 25.0 d | 9.4 abc | 46.9 e | 9.4 ab | 68.8 e | 3.1 ab | 0.0 a | 18.8 cd | 46.9 e |
8 | 37.5 bc | 40.6 bc | 31.3 abc | 31.3 abc | 15.6 ab | 40.6 bc | 25.0 abc | 43.8 b | 18.8 abc | 40.6 bc | 37.5 bc | 6.3 a | 34.4 bc | 6.3 a | 31.3 ab | 37.5 bc |
7 | 25.0 bc | 25.0 bc | 25.0 bc | 18.8 ab | 21.9 b | 18.8 ab | 21.9 b | 21.9 b | 31.3 b | 6.3 a | 15.6 ab | 15.6 ab | 25.0 bc | 46.9 c | 18.8 ab | 9.4 a |
6 | 9.4 ab | 12.5 ab | 6.3 ab | 6.3 ab | 9.4 ab | 3.1 a | 18.8 ab | 9.4 ab | 15.6 ab | 3.1 a | 12.5 ab | 0.0 a | 21.9 b | 18.8 ab | 15.6 ab | 0.0 a |
5 | 12.5 ab | 0.0 a | 12.5 ab | 3.1 a | 18.8 b | 9.4 ab | 3.1 a | 0.0 a | 12.5 ab | 3.1 a | 6.3 ab | 3.1 a | 9.4 ab | 28.1 b | 0.0 a | 0.0 a |
4 | 9.4 ab | 0.0 a | 9.4 ab | 12.5 b | 6.3 ab | 3.1 ab | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 12.5 b | 0.0 a | 15.6 b | 0.0 a | 9.4 ab | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a |
3 | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 18.8 a | 9.4 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 6.3 a | 3.1 a |
2 | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 6.3 a | 9.4 a | 9.4 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 3.1 a | 3.1 a |
1 | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 0.0 a | 6.3 a | 0.0 a |
Sample | Energy (kcal) | Carbohydrates (g)/Ratio in Energy Value of the Meal (%) | Proteins (g)/Ratio in Energy Value of the Meal (%) | Fats (g)/Ratio in Energy Value of the Meal (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 85.6 | 13.1/57.3 | 4.4/20.5 | 2.1/22.1 |
2. | 112.9 | 12.7/42 | 4.6/16.3 | 5.2/41.5 |
3. | 105.2 | 13.9/49.5 | 3.8/14.4 | 4.2/35.9 |
4. | 75.7 | 14.7/71.8 | 3.0/15.6 | 1.1/12.9 |
5. | 113.8 | 14.2/46.7 | 4.3/15.1 | 4.9/38.6 |
6. | 119.7 | 12.7/39.8 | 4.5/15.1 | 6.0/45.2 |
7. | 104.7 | 18.4/67.1 | 4.2/16.3 | 1.9/16.6 |
8. | 210.6 | 13.2/23.5 | 12.1/23 | 12.6/53.8 |
9. | 137.1 | 12.9/35.2 | 6.8/19.8 | 6.9/45.1 |
10. | 140.7 | 11.9/31.8 | 7.5/21.4 | 7.3/46.8 |
11. | 130.3 | 17.4/49.9 | 9.7/29.7 | 3.0/20.6 |
12. | 222.0 | 20.5/36.2 | 14.6/27.5 | 8.6/36.4 |
13. | 79.6 | 10.7/47.3 | 3.2/15.1 | 3.5/37.2 |
14. | 41.0 | 6.1/50.6 | 2.2/19.5 | 1.5/29.9 |
15. | 67.5 | 9.1/47.6 | 2.6/14.5 | 3.0/37.7 |
16. | 98.5 | 13.9/50.8 | 3.0/11.7 | 4.3/37.7 |
Fiber (g) | SF (g) | MUF (g) | PUF (g) | Cholesterol (mg) | Na (mg) | Ca (mg) | Zn (mg) | Se (µg) | I (µg) | Retinol (µg) | Carotene (µg) | Vit E (mg) | Vit C (mg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RDA/*UL | 25 | *24.4 | 36.6 | 19.5 | *300 | 1500 | 1000 | 8.0 | 46 | 150 | 800 | - | 15 | 75 |
1. | 1.6 | 0.75 | 0.57 | 0.49 | 3.8 | 190.1 | 59.2 | 0.63 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 8.3 | 17.7 | 0.11 | 0.0052 |
2. | 1.5 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 0.41 | 11.2 | 195.8 | 42.1 | 0.58 | 7.3 | 0.86 | 35.1 | 24.6 | 0.23 | 0.29 |
3. | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 0.46 | 8.5 | 144.1 | 35.7 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 1.9 | 38.3 | 58.2 | 0.19 | 2.3 |
4. | 1.8 | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.0 | 138.6 | 34.4 | 0.53 | 2.9 | 0.52 | 0.0 | 467.8 | 0.21 | 10.6 |
5. | 2.0 | 0.91 | 2.6 | 0.93 | 0.0 | 167.1 | 40.7 | 0.92 | 5.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 24.3 | 0.20 | 5.0 |
6. | 1.5 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 0.58 | 12.3 | 202.3 | 71.9 | 0.66 | 6.1 | 1.5 | 34.2 | 24.6 | 0.23 | 0.29 |
7. | 2.2 | 0.41 | 0.54 | 0.61 | - | 140.4 | 38.6 | 0.64 | 2.9 | 0.018 | - | 4 | 0.31 | - |
8. | 1.6 | 6.6 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 29.4 | 372.9 | 198.7 | 1.6 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 97.3 | 84.2 | 0.48 | 80 |
9. | 1.8 | 7.3 | 5.8 | 1.4 | 12.5 | 182.8 | 41.4 | 0.71 | 4.5 | 1.3 | 8.2 | 10.9 | 0.41 | 0.065 |
10. | 1.3 | 3.6 | 1.7 | 0.58 | 17.1 | 264.7 | 139.7 | 0.95 | 1.6 | 4.2 | 54.7 | 58.9 | 0.44 | 1.2 |
11. | 2.6 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 14.3 | 295.8 | 64.0 | 0.95 | 17.0 | 25.3 | 2.8 | 401.4 | 0.88 | 50.9 |
12. | 0.27 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 34.2 | 190.2 | 64.6 | 0.6 | 5.1 | 6.8 | 23.5 | 35.9 | 0.96 | 4.5 |
13. | 2.0 | 1.6 | 0.77 | 0.8 | 29.4 | 156.8 | 39.7 | 0.33 | 2.5 | 4.0 | 9.9 | 3.5 | 0.23 | 0.71 |
14. | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.53 | 0.32 | 23.4 | 62.7 | 18.2 | 0.27 | 1.9 | 4.7 | 12.2 | 1.2 | 0.13 | Tr |
15. | 0.91 | 0.63 | 0.77 | 1.3 | 23.4 | 66.3 | 22.6 | 0.35 | 1.9 | 4.9 | 12.2 | 4.2 | 0.26 | 0.72 |
16. | 1.2 | 0.95 | 2.4 | 0.56 | 23.4 | 64.1 | 30.5 | 0.41 | 2.2 | 7.0 | 12.2 | 2.4 | 1.1 | Tr |
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Obradović, V.; Ergović Ravančić, M.; Marčetić, H.; Vuksanović, N.; Škrabal, S. Development of Nutrient Rich Morning Meals for Students by Concept of Tapas. Foods 2024, 13, 3432. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13213432
Obradović V, Ergović Ravančić M, Marčetić H, Vuksanović N, Škrabal S. Development of Nutrient Rich Morning Meals for Students by Concept of Tapas. Foods. 2024; 13(21):3432. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13213432
Chicago/Turabian StyleObradović, Valentina, Maja Ergović Ravančić, Helena Marčetić, Nikola Vuksanović, and Svjetlana Škrabal. 2024. "Development of Nutrient Rich Morning Meals for Students by Concept of Tapas" Foods 13, no. 21: 3432. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13213432
APA StyleObradović, V., Ergović Ravančić, M., Marčetić, H., Vuksanović, N., & Škrabal, S. (2024). Development of Nutrient Rich Morning Meals for Students by Concept of Tapas. Foods, 13(21), 3432. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13213432