Quality Evaluation of Bergamot Juice Produced in Different Areas of Calabria Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fruits Sampling
2.2. Soil Characteristics and Weather Conditions of the Growing Areas
2.3. Chemical Characterization of Bergamot Juice (BJ)
2.3.1. Chemical Determinations
2.3.2. Ascorbic and Citric Acid Determination
2.3.3. Individual Polyphenols Determination
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Qualitative Characteristics of Bergamot Fruits
3.2. Qualitative Characteristics of Bergamot Fruits
3.3. Comparison of Phenolic Compounds in Bergamot Samples
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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I YEAR | TSS (°Brix) | pH | TA (g L−1 Citric ac. m) | ||||||
Dec | Jan | Sign | Dec | Jan | Sign | Dec | Jan | Sign | |
F-M | 10.36 ± 0.13 | 10.24 ± 0.19 | n.s. | 2.52 ± 0.09 | 2.57 ± 0.07 | n.s. | 49.28 ± 1.07 | 48.58 ± 1.21 | n.s. |
F-R | 8.84 ± 0.54 | 7.7 ± 0.21 | ** | 2.59 ± 0.06 | 2.61 ± 0.1 | n.s. | 43.65 ± 1.78 | 41.23 ± 1.11 | ** |
Sign | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | |||
II YEAR | TSS (°Brix) | pH | TA (g L−1 Citric ac. m) | ||||||
Dec | Jan | Sign | Dec | Jan | Sign | Dec | Jan | Sign | |
F-M | 11.28 ± 0.13 | 11.04 ± 0.53 | n.s. | 2.35 ± 0.02 | 2.62 ± 0.08 | ** | 55.37 ± 1.86 | 49.04 ± 0.55 | ** |
F-R | 8.74 ± 0.25 | 7.58 ± 0.18 | ** | 2.57 ± 0.06 | 2.48 ± 0.02 | ** | 50.09 ± 1.48 | 42.56 ± 3.06 | ** |
Sign | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
I YEAR | AA | CA | ||||
Dec | Jan | Sign | Dec | Jan | Sign | |
F-M | 0.57 ± 0.04 | 0.61 ± 0.07 | n.s. | 46.44 ± 2.64 | 49.13 ± 3.14 | n.s. |
F-R | 0.43 ± 0.07 | 0.48 ± 0.02 | n.s. | 38.87 ± 3.24 | 40.35 ± 2.04 | n.s. |
Sign | ** | ** | ** | ** | ||
II YEAR | AA | CA | ||||
Dec | Jan | Sign | Dec | Jan | Sign | |
F-M | 0.59 ± 0.02 | 0.48 ± 0.06 | ** | 47.96 ± 1.08 | 47.46 ± 2.2 | n.s. |
F-R | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.04 | ** | 47.25 ± 2.98 | 44.8 ± 2.54 | n.s. |
Sign | ** | ** | n.s. | n.s. |
mg 100 mL−1 | I YEAR | II YEAR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F-M | F-R | Sign | F-M | F-R | Sign | ||
p-coumaric acid | Dec | 1.02 ± 0.02 | 0.83 ± 0.03 | ** | 1.42 ± 0.08 | 1.14 ± 0.08 | ** |
Jan | 1.09 ± 0.01 | 0.73 ± 0.13 | ** | 1.22 ± 0.1 | 0.75 ± 0.09 | ** | |
Sign | ** | n.s. | n.s. | ** | |||
Ferulic acid | Dec | 0.98 ± 0.18 | 0.78 ± 0.09 | n.s. | 1.29 ± 0.14 | 0.88 ± 0.06 | ** |
Jan | 0.98 ± 0.14 | 0.66 ± 0.1 | ** | 1.06 ± 0.13 | 0.61 ± 0.09 | ** | |
Sign | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | ** | |||
Eriocitrin | Dec | 0.57 ± 0.05 | 0.6 ± 0.15 | n.s. | 1.27 ± 0.08 | 0.74 ± 0.04 | ** |
Jan | 0.68 ± 0.06 | 0.56 ± 0.09 | n.s. | 1.24 ± 0.02 | 0.62 ± 0.09 | ** | |
Sign | * | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |||
Neoeriocitrin | Dec | 9.62 ± 0.83 | 9.13 ± 0.38 | n.s. | 9.87 ± 0.34 | 8.59 ± 0.55 | * |
Jan | 10.89 ± 0.68 | 12.15 ± 1.88 | n.s. | 11.07 ± 1.61 | 9.37 ± 1.25 | n.s. | |
Sign | n.s. | * | n.s. | n.s. | |||
Narirutin | Dec | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | n.s. | 1.21 ± 0.02 | 0.85 ± 0.12 | ** |
Jan | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | ** | 1.26 ± 0.45 | 0.76 ± 0.07 | n.s. | |
Sign | ** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |||
Naringin | Dec | 9.69 ± 1.55 | 6.66 ± 0.85 | * | 13.44 ± 0.6 | 7.35 ± 0.26 | ** |
Jan | 12.49 ± 1.25 | 8.49 ± 1.83 | * | 13.88 ± 0.99 | 6.45 ± 1 | ** | |
Sign | * | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |||
Neohesperidin | Dec | 9.12 ± 2 | 4.1 ± 1 | ** | 11.93 ± 0.6 | 5.04 ± 0.41 | ** |
Jan | 8.92 ± 1.2 | 5.15 ± 1.22 | ** | 12.11 ± 1.92 | 4.07 ± 0.64 | ** | |
Sign | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |||
Melitidin | Dec | 3.99 ± 0.72 | 2.05 ± 0.77 | ** | 8.26 ± 0.47 | 4.67 ± 0.35 | ** |
Jan | 5.09 ± 0.83 | 2.14 ± 0.39 | ** | 8.55 ± 1.06 | 3.48 ± 0.25 | ** | |
Sign | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | ** | |||
Brutieridin | Dec | 21.74 ± 2.2 | 9.56 ± 2.85 | ** | 23.05 ± 0.66 | 10.97 ± 0.72 | ** |
Jan | 24.53 ± 0.69 | 8.56 ± 1.28 | ** | 22.19 ± 2.38 | 7.21 ± 0.43 | ** | |
Sign | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | ** | |||
Total Polyphenols | Dec | 56.95 ± 6.01 | 33.93 ± 4.93 | ** | 71.75 ± 2.58 | 40.23 ± 1.98 | ** |
Jan | 65.04 ± 3.53 | 38.6 ± 6.5 | ** | 72.59 ± 8.47 | 33.31 ± 3.05 | ** | |
Sign | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | * |
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Gattuso, A.; Mafrica, R.; Cannavò, S.; Mafrica, D.; De Bruno, A.; Poiana, M. Quality Evaluation of Bergamot Juice Produced in Different Areas of Calabria Region. Foods 2024, 13, 2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132080
Gattuso A, Mafrica R, Cannavò S, Mafrica D, De Bruno A, Poiana M. Quality Evaluation of Bergamot Juice Produced in Different Areas of Calabria Region. Foods. 2024; 13(13):2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132080
Chicago/Turabian StyleGattuso, Antonio, Rocco Mafrica, Serafino Cannavò, Davide Mafrica, Alessandra De Bruno, and Marco Poiana. 2024. "Quality Evaluation of Bergamot Juice Produced in Different Areas of Calabria Region" Foods 13, no. 13: 2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132080
APA StyleGattuso, A., Mafrica, R., Cannavò, S., Mafrica, D., De Bruno, A., & Poiana, M. (2024). Quality Evaluation of Bergamot Juice Produced in Different Areas of Calabria Region. Foods, 13(13), 2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132080