Hunted Wild Boars in Sardinia: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Analysis of Salmonella and Yersinia enterocolitica
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
- Mesenteric lymph nodes: at least 25 g of lymph nodes in the ileo-caecal regions were cut out with a sterile, disposable scalpel and collected in a sterile plastic bag (3M Health Care, Milan).
- Colon content: the colon was incised with a sterile, disposable scalpel and at least 25 g of its contents was collected in a sterile plastic bag.
- Carcass surface: samples were taken after evisceration by means of a non-destructive method with a sterile sponge pre-moistened with 10 mL of sterile buffered peptone water (BPW, 3M Health Care, Milan) at the following points: ham, loins, abdomen and throat; these points were selected as they are indicated by European legislation for pig carcasses at the slaughterhouse (Reg. CE No. 2073/2005; ISO 17604:2015 [32]). Sampling was carried out using the same sponge for the four points, with a sterile 10 × 10 cm2 delimiter (Copan, Brescia, Italy), proceeding from the least contaminated point (ham) to the most contaminated (throat). The sponges were handled with a sterile glove and placed inside sterile sponge bags. All the samples were transported to the laboratory at +4 °C and processed within 24 h after collection. A total of 181 samples were collected, divided into 66 colon content samples, 66 mesenteric lymph node samples and 49 carcass surface samples. Carcass surface samples were collected from wild boars slaughtered in hunting houses A, B and C; in the other hunting houses (D, E) the skinning was conducted the day after harvesting, and it was therefore not possible to evaluate the surface contamination of the carcass.
2.2. Microbiological Analysis
2.3. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
2.4. Whole Genome Sequencing
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Salmonella and Y. enterocolitica
3.2. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
3.3. Salmonella Characterization
3.4. Yersinia enterocolitica Characterization
3.5. Bacterial Contamination of Carcasses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathogen | Tested Animals | Positive Animals | Positive Samples | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colon Content | Mesenteric Lymph Nodes | Carcass Surface | Total | |||
Salmonella | 66 | 3 | 3/66 (4.5) | 0/66 | 0/49 | 3/181 (1.6) |
Y. enterocolitica | 66 | 20 | 18/66 (27.3) | 3/66 (4.5) | 3/49 (6.1) | 24/181 (13.2) |
Hunting Houses | Sampled Wild Boars | Total Positive Wild Boars | Pathogen | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Salmonella | Y. enterocolitica | |||
A | 28 | 12 | 2 | 10 |
B | 18 | 7 | 1 | 6 |
C | 7 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
D | 8 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
E | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Microorganism | MLST ST | Phenotypic Profile | Genotypic Profile |
---|---|---|---|
Salmonella | 10546 | ND | - |
7139 | ND | - | |
10597 | ND | - | |
Y. enterocolitica | 332 | Amp Aug | blaA, vat(F) |
443 | Amp Aug Fox | blaA | |
852 | Amp Aug | blaA | |
854 | Amp Aug | blaA | |
855 | Amp Aug | blaA | |
856 | Amp | blaA | |
857 | ND | blaA | |
858 | Amp Aug | blaA | |
860 (1) | Amp Aug Fox | blaA | |
860 (2) | Amp Aug | blaA | |
860 (3) | Amp Aug | blaA | |
860 (4) | Amp Aug | blaA | |
860 (5) | Amp Aug Fox | blaA | |
861 | Amp Aug Fox | blaA | |
862 | Amp Aug Fox | blaA | |
863 | Amp Aug | blaA | |
864 | Amp Aug Fox | blaA | |
865 | ND | blaA | |
866 | Amp Aug Fox | blaA | |
867 | Amp Aug | blaA | |
868 | Amp Aug | blaA | |
870 | Amp Aug Fox | blaA | |
872 | Amp Aug Fox | blaA | |
873 | Amp Aug Fox | blaA |
Sampling Days | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hunting Houses | A | A | B | A | C | A | B | A | B | A | B | B | |
Number of Samples | 7 | 1 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |
ACC | Mean | 1.61 | 1.33 | 2.68 | 2.85 | 3.43 | 1.69 | 2.83 | 2.48 | 2.70 | 2.87 | 3.12 | 1.85 |
Median | 1.50 | 1.33 | 2.50 | 3.02 | 3.37 | 1.32 | 2.83 | 1.96 | 2.61 | 2.87 | 3.21 | 1.85 | |
Minimum value | 1.19 | - | 1.78 | 1.33 | 2.93 | 1.07 | 1.97 | 1.11 | 1.81 | - | 2.51 | 1.47 | |
Maximum value | 2.14 | - | 3.83 | 4.15 | 4.00 | 2.89 | 3.68 | 4.35 | 3.78 | - | 3.91 | 2.23 | |
Ent | Mean | 0.58 | 0.15 | 0.89 | 3.68 | 2.52 | 0.10 | 0.84 | 1.52 | 0.57 | 0.30 | 0.77 | 0.00 |
Median | 0.33 | 0.15 | 0.61 | 4.00 | 2.48 | 0.00 | 0.84 | 1.53 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.77 | 0.00 | |
Minimum value | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 2.67 | 1.60 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 0.67 | - | |
Maximum value | 2.01 | - | 2.16 | 4.00 | 3.48 | 0.51 | 1.53 | 2.87 | 1.70 | - | 0.87 | - |
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Siddi, G.; Piras, F.; Meloni, M.P.; Gymoese, P.; Torpdahl, M.; Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M.; Migoni, M.; Cabras, D.; Cuccu, M.; De Santis, E.P.L.; et al. Hunted Wild Boars in Sardinia: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Analysis of Salmonella and Yersinia enterocolitica. Foods 2024, 13, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13010065
Siddi G, Piras F, Meloni MP, Gymoese P, Torpdahl M, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Migoni M, Cabras D, Cuccu M, De Santis EPL, et al. Hunted Wild Boars in Sardinia: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Analysis of Salmonella and Yersinia enterocolitica. Foods. 2024; 13(1):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13010065
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiddi, Giuliana, Francesca Piras, Maria Pina Meloni, Pernille Gymoese, Mia Torpdahl, Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa, Mattia Migoni, Daniela Cabras, Mario Cuccu, Enrico Pietro Luigi De Santis, and et al. 2024. "Hunted Wild Boars in Sardinia: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Analysis of Salmonella and Yersinia enterocolitica" Foods 13, no. 1: 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13010065