Consumption of Phenolic-Rich Food and Dietary Supplements as a Key Tool in SARS-CoV-19 Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Phenolic Compounds in Human Health
Phenolic Compounds in COVID-19
Phenolic Compounds | Main Outcome | Reference |
---|---|---|
Cyanidin | Mpro inhibitor | [64,65,66,67] |
Daidzein | ||
Dieckol | ||
Genistein | ||
Mearnsitrin | ||
Myricitrin | ||
Psoralidin | ||
Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucoside | ||
Rutin | ||
Xanthoangelol E | ||
Benzoic acid | RdRp inhibitor | [68,69] |
Cyanidin | ||
Daidzein | ||
Ellagic acid | ||
Gallic acid | ||
Genistein | ||
Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside | ||
Naringenin | ||
Oleuropein | ||
Quercetin | ||
Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside | ||
Resveratrol | ||
Myrcetin | Non-structural SARS-CoV-2 helicases inhibitor | [70] |
Scutellarein | ||
Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside | PLpro inhibitor | [57,71,72] |
Epigallocatechin | ||
Epigallocatechin gallate | ||
Hypericin | ||
Kaempferol | ||
Quercetin | ||
Cryptotanshinone | TMPRSS2 inhibitor | [10,70,73] |
Ellagic acid | ||
Gallic acid | ||
Kaempferol | ||
Luteolin | ||
Quercetin | ||
Afzelin | ACE2 inhibitor | [44,70,73,74,75] |
Apigenin | ||
Baicalin | ||
Biorobin | ||
Caffeic acid | ||
Catechin | ||
Chlorogenic acid | ||
Chrysin | ||
Ellagic acid | ||
Curcumin | ||
Cyanidin | ||
Delphinidin | ||
Epigallocatechin | ||
Epigallocatechin gallate | ||
Ferulic acid | ||
Galangin | ||
Gallic acid | ||
Hesperetin | ||
Isoferulic acid | ||
Kaempferol | ||
Luteolin | ||
Myricitrin | ||
Naringenin | ||
Nobiletin | ||
Nympholide A | ||
Pinocembrin | ||
Quercetin | ||
Rhoifolin | ||
Rutin | ||
Scutellarein | ||
Taiwanhomoflavone A | ||
Tangeretin | ||
ε-Viniferin | ||
Chrysin | Interact with Spike protein | [44,70,73,74,75] |
Ellagic acid | ||
Gallic acid | ||
Hesperetin | ||
Pinocembrin | ||
Artepillin C | Inhibit p21-activated kinase 1 | [76] |
Ellagic acid | Inhibit furin | [77] |
Gallic acid |
3. Uptake of Phenolic Compounds in Dietary Supplements in COVID-19
Origin | Compound | Type of Study | Drug Target | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Theobroma cacao (Cocoa) | Flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and N-phenylpropenoyl-L-amido acids | Molecular docking | Mpro | [86] |
Camellia sinensis (green tea) | Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, theaflavin | in vitro | Mpro | [81,82] |
Camellia sinensis (green tea) | Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, theaflavin | Molecular docking | 3CLpro, Spike protein, PLpro, RdRp and ACE2 | [84] |
Camellia sinensis (green tea) | 16 phenolic compounds | Molecular docking | Nsp 6 | [85] |
Different sources | 100 phenolic compounds (epigallocatechin, hesperidin, myricetin, quercetagetin and theaflavins | Molecular docking | RdRp | [60] |
Berries | 18 anthocyanins | Molecular docking | Spike protein and Mpro | [97] |
Allium sativum (black garlic) | Total extract, 49 polyphenols and 1 combination treatment of tannic acid with myricetin, puerarin, and/or daidzein | in vitro | Mpro | [88] |
Euphorbia cuneata | Naringenin | Molecular docking and in vitro | Mpro | [89] |
Red wine, Chinese hawthorn and blackberry | Quercetin, luteolin, and isorhamnetin | Molecular docking and metadata analysis | Several mechanisms | [68] |
Citrus | Naringenin Neohesperidin Nobiletin | Molecular docking | Spike protein and ACE-inhibitor | [101] |
Citrus aurantium Citri Reticulate Pericarpium | Hesperitin | Molecular docking | Spike protein and ACE-inhibitor | [75,102] |
Coffee | 28 caffeic acid derivatives | Molecular docking | Mpro, Spike protein, Nsp15 and fusion protein subunit S2 | [94] |
Different sources | Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and resveratrol | Molecular docking and in vitro | Mpro | [57] |
Different sources | Gallic acid, quercetin, caffeine, ribavirin, resveratrol, naringenin, benzoic acid, oleuropein, ellagic acid | Molecular docking | RdRp | [92] |
Erigenon breviscapus (Vant.) | Scutellarin | Molecular docking | Spike protein and ACE-inhibitor | [75] |
Propolis from Apis mellifera | Propolis (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, t-cinnamic acid, hesperetin, chrysin, pinocembrin, CAPE) | Molecular docking and in vitro | ACE2 and Spike protein | [44] |
Propolis from Apis mellifera | Propolis (Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, t-cinnamic acid, hesperetin, chrysin, pinocembrin, CAPE, rutin, myricetin, luteolin, resveratrol | Molecular docking | ACE2 | [103] |
Propolis form Apis mellifera | Propolis extract | Clinical trial | n.a. | [104] |
Rheum officinale (rhubarb) Reymoutria multiflora tuber | Emodin | in vitro and in vivo | Spike protein and ACE-inhibitor | [105] |
Curcuma longa | Nano-curcumin (micromicelar curcumin) | Clinical trials | Inmune response (Interleucine modulation) | [99] |
Moringa oliefera | Apigenin, chlorogenic acid, chrysin, ellagic acid, myricetin, and quercetin | Molecular docking | Nsp9 and Nsp10 | [106] |
Ginkgo biloba | Amentoflavone, ginkgetin, bilobetin, isoginkgetin, sciadopitysin, kaempferol, quercetin, apigenin, isorhamnetin, genkwanin, luteolin, quercetin) | Molecular docking | Mpro | [107] |
Glycine max (Soya bean) | Nicotinamine | in vitro and in vivo | Spike protein and ACE-inhibitor | [108] |
Glycyrrhiza radix (Licorice root) | Glycyrrhizin | in vitro | Spike protein and ACE-inhibitor | [75] |
Scutellaria baicalensis | Baicalin | in vitro | Spike protein and ACE-inhibitor | [75] |
Traditional Indian medicine plants (Azadirachta indica, Syzygium aromaticum, Ocimum sanctum, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Camellia sinensis, Nigella sativa, Luffa cylindrica, Allium sativum and Allium sativum) | Nimbaflavone, epigallocatechin, catechins and curcumin | Molecular docking | Mpro | [109] |
Several plants from traditional Indian medicine | 23 bioactive compounds, including quercetin, apigenin, curcumin, carvacrol and gingerol | Molecular docking | ACE2, Mpro, Spike protein, RdRp | [66] |
Traditional Chinese medicine formulations | Kaempferol, luteolin, isorhamnetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, naringenin and wogonin | Molecular docking, in vitro and clinical trials | Mpro | [110] |
Traditional Chinese medicine formulations | Isorhamnetin | Molecular docking, in vitro and clinical trials | ACE2 and Mpro | [111] |
4. Uptake of Phenolic Compounds in Dietary Supplements in COVID-19
5. Population Experiences of Phenolic Compounds, Diet and COVID-19
6. Conclusions and Future Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Flores-Félix, J.D.; Gonçalves, A.C.; Alves, G.; Silva, L.R. Consumption of Phenolic-Rich Food and Dietary Supplements as a Key Tool in SARS-CoV-19 Infection. Foods 2021, 10, 2084. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092084
Flores-Félix JD, Gonçalves AC, Alves G, Silva LR. Consumption of Phenolic-Rich Food and Dietary Supplements as a Key Tool in SARS-CoV-19 Infection. Foods. 2021; 10(9):2084. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092084
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlores-Félix, José David, Ana C. Gonçalves, Gilberto Alves, and Luís R. Silva. 2021. "Consumption of Phenolic-Rich Food and Dietary Supplements as a Key Tool in SARS-CoV-19 Infection" Foods 10, no. 9: 2084. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092084